1874 

"Little Ellen" Trial of Mary Connolly for a Cruel Assault Upon “Little Ellen”- She is convicted of Assault and Battery and sent to the Penitentiary for One Year. New York Daily Herald. (April 4, 1874). (Young Mary Ellen WIlson was the first documented case of child abuse in the United States. Her case was taken to the New York Supreme Court.) 

1878 

Cobbe, Francis Power, Wife-Torture in England. (The article exposing the inadequacy of laws against domestic violence was so clear that Parliament passed legislation in two months.) 

1896

Freud, Sigmund, (1896). The Aetiology of Hysteria. (Childhood sexual abuse was introduced in a scientific context by Freud who was convinced many of his patients had been sexually abused in childhood and their hysterical and neurotic symptoms could be traced directly to repressed memories of that abuse. “This hypothesis marked the birth of psychoanalysis. 

Freud later retreated from this theory, though, refusing to believe that childhood abuse could be as prevalent as he had initially claimed. He evolved the more complex theory that ‘memories’ of early sexual abuse were merely repressed childhood fantasies. 

This theory has so swayed psychiatry for almost a century that it has largely blinded us to the frequency of real abuse in psychiatric patients’ childhoods and to the role of abuse in psychopathology,” according to Martin H. Teicher, M.D., Ph.D. in Wounds That TIme Won’t Heal: The Neurobiology of Child Abuse, 2000). 

1915

Freud, Sigmund, Repression. In Collected Papers, IV. London: Institute of Psychoanalysis and Hogarth Press, SE 14:141-158, 1925. (Freud theorized that emotional problems came from repressed early trauma and was impressed with a patient who improved after retrieving memories of traumatic incidents associated with onset of symptoms. He initially believed unconscious memories of sexual molestation in childhood led to neuroses, but later famously renounced the theory, teaching that his patients fantasized childhood sexual trauma.) 

1915

 Myers, C. S., A contribution to the study of shell-shock: Being an account of three cases of memory, vision, smell, and taste, admitted into the Duchess of Westminster War Hospital Le Toquet. Lancet, 316-320 (January 1915). 

1917

 Salmon, T.W. (1917). Care and treatment of mental diseases and war neuroses (shell shock) in the British army. Mental Hygiene. 1917;1:509–547. (Reprint 2017) (Dr. Salmon worked in shell shock rehabilitation, which accounted for one third of the men discharged from the British Army.) 

1920

 Thom, D. A., & Fenton, N. (1920). Amnesias in war cases. American Journal of Insanity, 76, 437-448. 1

1941

Bender, L. & Yarnell, H. (1941). An observation nursery. A study of 250 children on the psychiatric division of Bellevue Hospital. American Journal of Psychiatry, 97, 1158–1174. 

1941 Sargant, W., & Slater, E. (1941). Amnestic syndromes in war. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 34, 757-764. 

1944 Bowlby J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: Their character and home-life. International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 1944;25:19–52. (The precursors of emotional disorders and delinquency could be found in early attachment-related experiences, specifically separations from, or inconsistent or harsh treatment by, mothers and often fathers or other men who were involved with the mothers.) 

1945 

Spitz, R.A. (1945). Hospitalism: An Inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood.. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 1: 53–74. (Concern about the effect of continuous institutionalization of children especially under a year of age.) 

1946 

Spitz, R. A., & Wolf, K. (1946). Anaclitic depression. Psychoanal. Stud. Child 2, 313. (A study of 123 infants in a nursery found that at first they wept, then withdrew, and their development declined.) 

1948 

White, L. A. (1948). The definition and prohibition of incest. American Anthropologist. 50 (3): 416–435. 

1950 

Bowlby, J. (1950]. Maternal Care and Mental Health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. The master work series. 3 (2nd ed. )). Northvale, NJ; London: Jason Aronson. pp. 355–533. Geneva, World Health Organization, Monograph series no. 3. 

1951 

World Health Organization (1951). Review of evidence on effects of deprivation. II: Retrospective and follow-up studies. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 3 (3): 380–95. (“With monotonous regularity each put his finger on the child's inability to make relationships as being the central feature from which all other disturbances sprang, and on the history of institutionalization or, as in the case quoted, of the child's being shifted about from one foster-mother to another as being its cause.”) 

1953 

Bowlby, J. (1953). Critical Phases in the Development of Social Responses in Man and Other Animals. New Biology. 14: 25–32. 

1953 Eriksen, C. (1953). Individual differences in defensive forgetting. J Exp Psychol 1953; 44:442–443. 

1957 

Skinner, B.F. (1957). Schedules of Reinforcement. (An inconsistent or intermittent schedule of rewards creates less easily extinguished behavior. Rats pressed a lever for food more steadily when they did not know when the next pellet was coming than with continuous predictable reinforcement.) 

1962 

Ainsworth, Mary D.; Andry, R.G., Harlow, Robert G., Lebovici, S., Mead, Margaret, Pruch, Dane G., & Wootton, Barbara (1962). Deprivation of Maternal Care: A Reassessment of Effects. Public Health Papers. Geneva: World Health Organization. 

1962 

Calhoun, John B. (1962). Population density and social pathology. Scientific American. 206 (2): 139–148. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican 0262-139. (Rats placed in an overcrowded environment led to expulsion of young before weaning was complete, wounding of young, increase in homosexual behavior, inability of dominant males to maintain the defense of their territory and females, aggressive behavior of females, passivity of non-dominant males with increased attacks on each other which were not defended against. 

Females ceased to reproduce and the population declined toward extinction. Calhoun called it a “behavioral sink.”) 

1967 

Ainsworth, M. D. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press. 

1967 Holmes, Thomas, & Rahe, Richard (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Aug;11(2):213-8. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4 (Psychiatrists examined medical records of over 5,000 patients and found a positive correlation of 0.118 between 43 stressful life events and their illnesses.) 

1968 

Polanski, Roman director (1968). Rosemary's Baby. (A film about a young, pregnant woman who suspects her elderly neighbors are members of a Satanic cult, and are grooming her.) 

1969 

Ainsworth, M.D. Object relations, dependency, and attachment: A theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship. Child Development. 40 (4): 969–1025 (December 1969). (3 theoretical approaches to the origin and development of the infant-mother relationship are: psychoanalytic theories of object relations, social learning theories of dependency/attachment, and an ethologically-oriented theory of attachment.) 

1969 

Bowlby J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. (Vol. 1). Tavistock Institute of Human Relations. (First part of Trilogy-1969, 1973, 1980, doi:10.1093/ sw/26.4.355. (This first volume examines the nature of a child's ties to the mother, instinctive behavior, and a theoretical formulation of attachment behavior—how it develops, how it is maintained, what functions it fulfills.) 

1969 

Ellis, D. (1989). Male abuse of a married or cohabitating female partner: The application of sociological theory to research findings. Violence and Victims, 4(4), 235-255. 

1970 

Ainsworth, M.D., & Bell, S.M., Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41(1): 49–67 (March 1970). (A study of 583 infants in a strange situation found the presence of the mother encouraged exploratory behavior, and her absence depressed exploration and increased attachment behaviors, crying and search behaviors.) 

1970 

Bard, M., & Berkowitz, B. (1970). Training police as specialists in family crisis intervention. NCJ 50. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration. (“There is evidence that police are currently engaged in a variety of quasi-mental health roles with little or no relevant training and that this lack of training, often personally dangerous, represents an opportunity lost to society for preventing crime and for relieving manpower shortages in mental health.”) 

1970 

Black, D. J. (1970). Production of crime rates. American Sociological Review, 35(4), 733-748. 

1971 

Bakan, D. (1971). Slaughter of the Innocents. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ Number 7931. (Child abuse is traced from its ancient origins through its modern expression. Child sacrifice was widespread among primitive people, possibly as population control, and in Europe in the late 18th century. Abused children who survive may not marry or may become child beaters. “One of the major effects of child abuse is the limitation on the number of successful child bearers in a society.”) 

1971 Rush, Florence. (1971). The Sexual Abuse of Childen: A Feminist Perspective. The Radical Therapist, Vol. 2, No. 8. 

1973 

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss: Separation. Vol 2. New York, NY: Basic Books. 

1973 Goldstein, Joseph, & Freud, Anna (1973). Beyond the Best Interests of the Child. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 13206. (“Recommendation that a child be placed with or remain with the psychological parent(s) in child placement cases and that action be swift and final.” Stability of a primary relationship with a single parent was most important to child development.)* 

1973 

Schreiber, Flora Rheta (1973). Sybil. New York: Warner Books, inc. (Treatment of a woman with multiple personality disorder, later called dissociative identity disorder.) 

1974 

DeMause, Lloyd (1974). The History of Childhood. (updated 1995). (The heartless treatment of children throughout history includes infanticide, abandonment, starving, beatings, solitary confinement with no descriptions of parental empathy before the 18th century. Infanticide was a common form of population control from antiquity to 374 A.D. Living children were placed in the walls and foundations of new buildings to give them greater structural strength in Germany until 

1843 

Thomas Coram in Britain tired of seeing dead and dying deserted infants on streets and dung heaps so began “foundling homes” but dead infants were still a common sight on streets in London in the 1890s.) 

1975 

Angebert, Jean Michel (1975). The Occult and the Third Reich: The Mystical Origins of Nazism and the Search for the Holy Grail. McGraw Hill. (Nazi cosmology was an intricate synthesis of the occult and ancient neo-Paganism which militantly reaffirm itself and contest with Christianity. It was predicted that “certain practitioners of the black arts will yet play a major role in determining the shape of a not-too-distant future.") 

1975 

Benward, J. & Densen-Gerber, J. (1975). Incest as a causative factor in anti-social behavior: an exploratory study. Contemporary Drug Problems: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly, 4(3), 323–340. (Incest among 188 female drug addicts was most frequent in White, Hispanic and Indian families, and among Catholics and poorer families with more siblings. 45% were 9 yrs old or younger at the time of the incest. Uncles were often cross-generational perpetrators; cousins were the most frequent peer perpetrators. Victims seldom reported incest to mothers, and when they did, the mother rarely took action. Memories reportedly were vivid. Victims tended to be currently diagnosed as “neurotic depressives.”) 

1976 

Andrews, F., & Withey, S. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: Americans' perception of life quality. New York: Plenum Press. (A study of 5,000 Americans.) 

1976 

Martin, Del (1976). Battered Wives. New York: Pocket Books. 

Patrick, Ted, & Dulack, Tom, Let Our Children Go! The Shocking True Story of America's Religious Cults by the Man Who Liberates Their Victims., Ballantine Books (January 1, 1976). 

1977 

Bowlby, J., The making and breaking of affectional bonds: Aetiology and psychopathology in light of attachment theory, Psychiatry, PMID: 843768 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.130.3.201130:201-10 (March 1977). (Attachment theory conceptualizes the propensity of human beings to make strong affectional bonds to particular others. Unwilling separation and loss explains emotional distress and disturbance, including anxiety, anger, depression, emotional detachment.) 

1977 

Browning, D.H., & Boatman, B. (1977). Incest: children at risk. Am J Psychiatry, (1):69-72 MED: 831544. (A study of 14 cases of incest found the typical family constellation was a chronically depressed mother, an alcoholic and violent father or stepfather, and an eldest daughter who was forced to assume many of her mother's responsibilities, with ensuing role confusion. Physicians need to be alert to the possibility of incest in such high-risk families.) 

1977 

Hilberman, E., & Munson, K. (1977). Sixty battered women. Victimology, 2, 460-470, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. NCJ 46162. (A study of 60 victims of marital violence, comprising half of all women referred to a rural health clinic, found that 40 were black, with socioeconomic deprivation and childhood histories of violence, alcoholism and abuse. One third of their children were abused. The women had nightmares, violent tendencies, stress, impaired self esteem, isolation, mistrust. Therapy led to job retention, school and finally termination of marriage.) 

1977 

Langley, R., & Levy, R.C. (1977). Wife-Beating: The Silent Crisis. New York: Dutton. 

Roy, Maria, (1977). A Current Study of 150 Cases, from Battered Women: A Psychological Study of Domestic Violence. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 45268. (About 45% of assaults on women are accompanied by physical assaults on a child of the family. 85% of batterers, who mostly came from homes where the father battered the mother, had an alcohol or drug problem.) 

Sroufe, A., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an Organizational Construct. Child Development. 48 (4): 1184–1199. 

1977 U.S. Senate 95th Congress Project MKULTRA: The CIA’s Research in Behavioral Modification, Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the SUbcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources. (August 3, 1977). (MKULTRA was the most famous CIA research program to gain control of human behavior, commonly known as mind control which, with its 149 subprojects (1953 to 1964) developed and studied "a number of procedures for influencing and predicting human behavior by chemical and psychological means… for both defensive applications ... and offensive applications.”) 

U. S. Congress Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence Project MKULTRA: the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification. (January 1, 1977). 

1978 Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M., Wall, S. & Waters, E. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 

1978 

Bruch, Carol S., Making Visitation Work: Dual Parenting Orders. 1 Fam. Advocate 22 (Summer 1978). 

Conway, Florence, & Siegelman, Jim (1978). Snapping: America's Epidemic of Sudden Personality Change. Delta (2nd Edition 1995). 

Dixon, K. N., Arnold, L. E., & Calestro, K. (1978). Father-son incest: Underreported psychiatric problem? American Journal of Psychiatry. 135 (7): 835–838. (A study of 6 families in which 10 sons were involved incestuously with a natural father (4) or step-father (2) found father-son incest aappears to be a more frequent clinical entity than was thought previously.) 

Langley, R., & Levy, R.C., Wife Abuse and the Police Response. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin 47 NCJ 47555 (May 1978). (“Wife-beating is probably one of the most common forms of violent crime and also the most underreported.” It is estimated that 50% of all couples engage in some form of physical abuse. The public and police are unwilling to intervene in this criminal and civil offense, and police are not adequately prepared. The primary responsibility of police is to enforce the law and use a criminal law enforcement intervention.) 

Peck, Scott (1978). The Road Less Traveled: A New Psychology of Love, Traditional Values and Spiritual Growth. New York: Touchstone Book: Simon and Schuster. 

1979 

Barry, Kathleen, (1979). Female Sexual Slavery: Understanding the International Dimensions of Women’s Oppression. Prentice Hall. (Prostitution and violations of human rights.) 

Courtois, C. A. (1979). The incest experience and its aftermath. Victimology Vol. 4, Issue 4. pp 337-347. NCJ 68691. (The impact of incest was found to be highly subjective; younger victims had more severe reactions.) 

Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 64763. (Historical origins, including chastisement, of wife abuse, is “a form of male domination through a socially-approved marital hierarchy.” Police, judges, psychiatrists and social workers fail to help. Refuges for battered wives would be constructive, as well as condemnation of wife abuse.) 

Mnookin, Robert H., & Kornhauser, Lewis (1979). Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce.. 88 Yale L.J. (DIscusses divorce law to provide a framework in which the divorcing couple can themselves determine their post divorce rights and responsibilities.) 

Tsai, M., Feldman-Summers, S., & Edgar, M. (1979). Childhood molestation: Variables related to differential functioning in adult women. PMID: 479463 DOI: 10.1037//0021-843x.88.4.407, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88:407-417. 

Geiser, Robert L. (1979). Hidden Victims: The Sexual Abuse of Children. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 59109. (Approximately three fourths of sexual offenses against children are committed by adults the child knows. Secrecy is the greatest obstacle to more effective prevention. Uniform state laws and national reporting systems are needed, along with sensitive handling of cases.) 

Weitzman, Lenore J., & Dixon, Ruth B. (1979). Child Custody Awards: Legal Standards and Empirical Patterns For Child Custody, Support and Visitation After Divorce. 12 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 471. (“Gradually "reasonable" came to mean an overnight each weekend plus a mid-week dinner or overnight visit, and the terms "generous visitation", "shared custody", "divided custody", "alternating custody" and "joint physical custody" were sometimes used.” )* 

1980 

Bowlby, John (1980). Loss: Sadness and Depression. Attachment and Loss.. III. New York: Basic Books. 

Giovannoni, Jeanne M., & Becerra, Rosina M. (1980). Defining Child Abuse. The Free Press, 866 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10022. (A study of 949 families measured the relative seriousness of the specific incidents of abuse and neglect that brought them to child welfare.) 

Rush, Florence (1980). The Best Kept Secret: Sexual Abuse of Children. Prentice Hall. 7

Smith, Michelle & Pazder, Lawrenc (1980). Michelle Remembers. NY: Congdon and Lattes. (Psychiatrist’s account of a survivor describing memories of severe ritual abuse at age 5. Ritual abuse of children was described as the primary underlying reason behind the creation of multiple personalities.) 

Straus, M., R. Gelles, and S. Steinmetz (1980). Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, NCJ 148986. (A major risk marker for becoming a batterer is witnessing violence between parents. 28% of marriages have experienced violence at some point.) 

Walker, L..E. (1980). The Battered Woman. New York, NY: Harper & Row. 

Wallerstein, Judith S., & Kelly, Joan Berlin (1980). Surviving the Breakup: How Children and Parents Cope with Divorce. (A study of 60 white families enduring divorce.) 

1981 

Anderson, S., Bach, C., & Griffith, S., Psychosocial sequelae in intrafamilial victims of sexual assault and abuse. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, Amsterdam (April 1981). 

Bruch, Carol S. (1981). Parenting At and After Divorce: A Search for New Models. Mich. L. Rev. 708, 714. 

Dobash, R.E., & Dobash, R.P. (1981). Social Science and Social Action: The Case of Wife Beating. Journal of Family Issues, 2:439–70. 

Herman, J.L. (1981). Father-Daughter Incest. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (A study of 40 victims of incest. Sex offenders may be of any age, ethnicity or socio-economic background. Children abused by a relative or parent showed more serious distress than children abused by a stranger.) 

Lemon, Nancy K (1981). Joint Custody as a Statutory Presumption: California's New Civil Code Sections 4600 and 4600.5, 11 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 485, 497 & n.66. (“CA became the first state in the nation to operate under statutes not only authorizing joint custody awards upon divorce, but also establishing a presumption that joint custody is in the best interests of the child when both parents request it.”)* 

Lerman, L. G. (1981). Prosecution for spouse abuse: Innovations in criminal justice response. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. NCJ 84621 Washington, D.C.: Center for Women Policy Studies. (Prosecutors increased convictions of spouse abuse by removing the responsibility from the abused woman, and increased victim cooperation by providing protection and court preparation.) 

Miller, D., & Challas, G. (1981). Abused children as adult parents: A twenty-five year longitudinal study. Presented at the National Conference for Family Violence Researchers, University of New Hampshire. 

Pangalow, M. (1981). Woman Battering: Victims and Their Experiences. (Only 17% of victims became involved in other abusive relationships.) 

Pracher, Maria (1981). The Marital Rape Exemption: A Violation of a Woman's Rights of Privacy. 11 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 717, 719–21 & nn.14–23. (Survey of state statutes codifying marital rape exemptions.) 

Reite, M., Short, R., Seiler, C., & Pauley, J,D. (1981b). Attachment, loss and depression. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatr. 22:141–69. 

1981 Rosenbaum, A., & O’Leary, K. D. (1981). Children: The Unintended Victims of Marital Violence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 692-699. 

1982 

Cole, E. (1982). Sibling Incest: The Myth of Benign Sibling Incest, Women and Therapy, 1(3) 79-89. (Sibling sexual abuse has been identified as the most common form of incest.) 

de Young, M. (1982). The Sexual Victimization of Children. London: McFarland & Company, Inc. (Discusses the impact of incest and pedophilia on children, and describes the backgrounds and characteristics of child molesters.) 

Hetherington, E.M., Cox, M., & Cox, R. (1982). Effects of Divorce on Parents and Children in Non-traditional Families. (M.R. Lamb, Ed.). 

NiCarthy, Ginny (1982). Getting Free: Handbook for Women in Abusive Relationships. Seattle, Seal Press. (It is not unusual for batterers to sexually molest their victim’s children.) 

Schechter, Susan (1982). Women and male violence: The vision and struggles of the battered women's movement. Boston, MA: South End Press. 

Schulman, Joanne, & Pitt, Valerie (1982). Second Thoughts on Joint Child Custody: Analysis of Legislation and its Implications for Women and Children, 12 Golden Gate L. Rev., 546. (The "best interests" language had been included in California statutes since 1931, albeit with a tender years provision.) 

Sgroi, S. M. (Ed.) (1982. Handbook of Clinical Intervention in Child Sexual Abuse. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 9-37. 

Starr, Raymond (1982). Child Abuse Prediction. Ballenger, Cambridge, Mass, pp. 105-135. 9

U.S. Commission on Civil Rights 91982). Under the Rule of Thumb: Battered Women and the Administration of Justice. , Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 082752. (Based on the 1978 U.S. Commission on Civil Rights consultation, the report documents the failure of police to recognize/respond to the seriousness of battered women; prosecutorial practices of treating family differently from stranger violence and discouraging battered women from pursuing criminal complaints; judges' failure to impose sanctions commensurate with the offense, emphasis on marriage over victim safety and diversionary programs such as counseling and mediation for channeling complaints away from the criminal process.) 

1983 

Bowker, L. H. (1983). Battered wives, lawyers, and district attorneys: An examination of law in action. Journal of Criminal Justice, 11, 403-412. (A study of 106 formerly battered women who received legal help found they rated most legal services were rated very or fairly successful, with the more difficult and severe situations given higher success ratings. Negative incidents included district attorneys who refused service or discouraged them from filing charges, and lawyers who sided with the aggressors or attempted to meet their personal and professional needs at the expense of their clients.) 

Finkelhor, D., Gelles, R. J., Hotaling, G. T., & Straus, M. A. (Eds.) (1983). The dark side of families: Current family violence research. 

Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 

Ford, D. A. (1983). Wife battery and criminal justice: A study of victim decision-making. Family Relation 32, 463-475. 

Lindquist, C., Telch, C., & Taylor, C. (1983). Evaluation of a Conjugal Violence Treatment Program: A Pilot Study. Behavioral Counseling and Community Interventions 3(1): 76-90. 

1983 Peck, M. Scott (1983). People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil. Simon and Schuster. 

Pence, Ellen. (1983). The Duluth Domestic Intervention Project. Hamline Law Review 6, 247-275. (In (After a particularly brutal "domestic" homicide, the Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project (DAIP) argued for practices that would hold offenders accountable and place the onus of intervention on the community, not on the individual woman being beaten. Ensuring women’s safety would be the community's responsibility. A community experiment began. The Duluth Model calls for pressure on the system to impose consequences for continued acts of violence, challenges local institutions to think about their own complicity through their actions or inactions, confronts batterers' behavior and question their beliefs compassionately.) 

Stacey, W. A., & Shupe, A. (1983). Family Secret: Domestic Violence in America. . U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. NCJ 92295. 

Summit, Roland. (1983). The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome. Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 7, pp. 177-193. (Child victims of sexual abuse face secondary trauma in the crisis of discovery, especially with disbelief, blame, rejection, and abandonment by the adults crucial to their protection and recovery that drives the child deeper into self-blame, self-hate, alienation and revictimization. Advocacy of an empathic clinician within a supportive treatment network can provide vital credibility and endorsement.The accommodation syndrome is composed of secrecy, helplessness, entrapment/ accommodation, delayed, unconvincing disclosure, and retraction.) 

Straus, M. A. (1983). Ordinary violence, child abuse and wife-beating: What do they have in common? In The dark side of families: Current family violence research. Finkelhor, D., Gelles, R. J., Hotaling,G. T., & Straus, M. A.(Eds.), pp. 213-234 Newbury Park, CA: Sage.(A national survey found that half of men who batter their wives also abuse their children with violence more than a slap/spanking.) 

1984 

Armstrong, Louise (1984). The Homefront: Notes From the Family War Zone. (CPS workers were inadequately trained and inexperienced, with a 50% turnover in six months; experienced workers were promoted; there were no standard operating procedures and inappropriate actions kept caseloads low.) 

Brown, S. E. (1984). Police responses to wife-beating: Neglect of a crime of violence, Journal of Criminal Justice 12, 277-88. (A study of women's perceptions of police responses to their victimization found police rarely made referrals to helping agencies and that the most common police action was to “talk” to the assaulter/batterer.) 

Burgess, A. (1984). Child Pornography and Sex RIngs. New York: Lexington Books. 

Carlson, B. E. (1984). Children's observations of interparental violence. In A. R. Roberts (Ed.), Battered women and their families, pp. 147-1 67. U. S. Department of Justice , Office of Justice Planning. NCJ 94132 (3.3 million children were exposed to domestic violence annually.) 

Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs (1984). Power and Control Wheel. 

Goldemberg, Rose Leiman (1984). The Burning Bed.. (A film of the true story about a woman who killed her husband after years of abuse.) 

Gondolf, E., How Some Men Stop Battering: An Evaluation of a Group Counseling Program. Paper presented at Second National Conference on Family Violence, Durham, NH. (August 1984). 

Haines, Randa director (1984). Something About Amelia. (A film about a girl who was sexually abused by her father. 

Horowitz, J., Finkehor, D., Gomez-Schwarta, B., Sauzier, M., et al. (1984). Sexually Exploited Children: Service and Research Project. Division of Child Psychiatry, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston MA. Prepared under grant #80-JN-AX-0001 (S2) for the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 107539. (A study of 156 victims referred to a program for sexually abused children.) 

Fagan, J., Friedman, E., Wexler, S., & Lewis, V. (1984). The National Family Violence Program: Final Evaluation Report. San Francisco, CA: URSA Institute. (Criminal legal services were more effective in reducing violence than any other service for victims with more severe violence. No other services were effective for the more severe cases. Most services were effective in reducing violence for victims with less severe violence. Victims with children in shelters with more severe violence histories were associated with higher reincidences of violence and abuse.) 

Feazell, C., Mayers, R., & Deschner, J., Services for Men Who Batter: Implications for Programs and Policies. Family Relations 33(2) : 217-223 (April 1984). 

Finkelhor, D. (1984). Risk factors in the sexual victimization of children. Child Abuse and Neglect,4, 265-273. (A survey of 796 college students found that 19% of women and 9% of men had been sexually abused in childhood, mostly by men in their intimate social network, and most did not tell anyone about 

the experience. More girls from lower-income families and socially isolated backgrounds were victimized. Girls from stepfather families were five times more vulnerable than others. Other risk factors were if a girl had ever lived without her mother, or if her mother had substantially less education than her father or if her mother was punitive about sexual matters. Over 50% of girls with four or more risk factors had been victimized.) 

Masson, J. (1984). The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux. 

Myers, C. (1984). The family violence project: Some preliminary data on a treatment program for spouse abuse. Paper presented at the Second National Conference for Family Violence Researchers, University of New Hampshire. National Center for State Courts. 

Neely, R. (Chief Justice) (1984). The Primary Caretaker Rule: Child Custody and the Dynamics of Greed. Yale Law and Policy Review, 168. (The primary caretaker doctrine provides a simple, objective way to identify the child's psychological parent through determining actual parenting behavior prior to separation, remove the ambiguity of "best interests of the child" standard, make expert witnesses unnecessary, and apply a gender-neutral test based on the importance of the primary bond.)* 

New Jersey Supreme Court (1984). The First Year Report of the New Jersey Supreme Court Task Force on Women in the Courts. Wikler, N. & Schafran, L., 9 Women’s Rights L. Rep. 129 

Rauma, D. (1984). Going for the gold: Prosecutorial decision-making in cases of wife assault. Social Science Research 13 (4), 321-351. (“Good cases have good victims and bad offenders, sufficient evidence, and are serious enough to warrant attention from authorities.”) 

Roberts, A. R., (Ed.) (1984). Battered Women and Their Families: Intervention Strategies and Treatment Programs. 

Russell, D. E. H. (1984) Sexual exploitation: rape, child sexual abuse and workplace harassment. Newbury Park, CA Sage. 

Sherman, L. (1984). The specific deterrent effects of arrest for domestic violence. American Sociological Review 49 (2), 261-272. (The official recidivism measures showed that arrested suspects were significantly less likely to be subsequently violent than those who were just ordered to leave.) 

Walker, L., (1984). The Battered Woman Syndrome. New York: Springer. (Abusers are 2.5 times more likely to be involved in future violent relationships than are victims.) 

U.S. Department of Justice (1984). Report of the Attorney General's Task Force on Domestic Violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. (Recommendations are made for law enforcement, prosecutors, judges, victim assistance, prevention, education and training.) 

1985

Bruch, Carol S., & Wikler, Norma J. (1985). The Economic Consequences of Divorce as Affected by Child and Spousal Support Award Levels. 36 Juv & Fam. Ct. J. 5. Essay form of 1981 judicial education materials for the National Organization for Women Legal Defense and Education Fund (NOW LDEF) and the National Association of Women Judges. 

Butler, Sandra (1985). Conspiracy of Silence: The Trauma of Incest. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Planning NCJ 55712. (The study found “Children rarely report incest if it has not occurred and are more likely to lie to protect their family.) 

Crittenden, P.M. Patterns of Infant-Mother Attachment: Antecedents and Effects on Development. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1985 Nov; 61(9): 771–791. 

Daly, Martin, & Wilson, Margo (1985). Child abuse and other risks of not living with both parents. Ethology and Sociobiology Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 197-210. (Preschoolers living with one natural and one stepparent were 40 times more likely to become child abuse victims than children living with two natural parents.) 

Grau, J., Fagan, J., & S. Wexler (1985). Restraining Orders for Battered Women: Issues of Access and Efficacy. In Schweber, C. & and Feinman, C. (Eds.) Criminal Justice Politics and Women: The Aftermath of Legally Mandated Change. New York: Hawthorn Press, 13-28, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Planning, NCJ 097703. (Since 1976, many states provide civil restraining orders as an alternative to criminal sanctions. A study of 270 recipients found orders are generally ineffective in reducing the rate of abuse or violence. Nearly 3 in 5 victims were abused within 4 months regardless of a restraining order. However, orders were effective in reducing abuse for women with less serious family violence or the assailant was less violent in general.) 

Grossberg, Michael (1985). Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth Century America. (The rise of a “judicial patriarchy” interfered with male household heads’ prerogatives to adjudicate individual rights within the family.) 

Hewitt, S., Do Children Lie About Sexual Abuse? MN Exchange, Minnesota Program for Victims of Sexual Assault, Vol. 7, No.3 (Spring 1985). (Children rarely lie about sexual abuse.) 

Keenan, L. (1985). Domestic violence and custody litigation: The need for statutory reform. Hofstra Law Review, 13, 407-441. 

Langenwalter, P.., Peter, K., King, J., & Beer, R. (1985). Report on a forensic archaeological investigation conducted at the Goldstein property at Manhattan Beach, California. Report prepared for the Los Angeles County District Attorney. Unpublished report on file at the contracted firm of Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc. Huntington Beach, California, and at the Office of the District Attorney. 

Reite, M., & Field, T., (eds.) (1985). Psychobiology of Attachment and Separation. New York: Academic. (Neurochemical, physiological and neuroanatomical correlates of attachment and separation are discussed.) 

Schweber, C. & and Feinman, C. (Eds.) Criminal Justice Politics and Women: The Aftermath of Legally Mandated Change. New York: Hawthorn Press. 

Spielberg, Stephen director (1985). The Color Purple. (A film about a Southern black woman struggles after becoming pregnant at age 14 by her father.) 

Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in Infancy, Childhood and Adulthood: A Move to the Level of Representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 50 (1/2): 66–104. (Ethological and psychoanalytic roots of attachment, attachment security, day care. Mother-infant interaction was related to attachment in predictable ways. Infant adaption to maltreatment shows insecure attachment and avoidant at later ages. Effects of early separation and familial disruption appears in the next generation.) 

Rowe, K. (1985). The limits of the neighborhood justice center: Why domestic violence s should not be mediated. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Planning, NCJ 108022.Emory Law Journal 34, 855-910. (Summer- Fall 1985). (Mediation is an inappropriate method for dealing with domestic violence. Alternative approaches that physically protect victims are more suitable. Mediation is effective only when it is voluntary, and serious battery has been screened out. Court-ordered mediation deprives battered women of their rights of access to the courts, of remaining in their homes, and of personal security. Arrest may be essential to protect the woman and children from further serious abuse and to deter further violence. Other effective approaches include viewing domestic violence as a crime rather than a breakdown in relationships. The Duluth Program in Minnesota involves interagency agreements, volunteer advocates, and a diversion program involving long-term therapy for the batterer.) 

Timnick. L., Twenty-two percent in survey were child abuse victims. Los Angeles Times, The Times poll: p. 1. (August 15, 1985). (A survey of 2,627 adults found that 27% of women and 16% of men (22% over all) reported they had been victims of child sexual abuse. A third told no one at the time and lived with their secret well into adulthood.) 

Weitzman, Lenore J. (1985). The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America. 323, 355–56. (No-fault divorce resulted in higher living standards for men and greater economic vulnerability for women.) 

Whitfield, Charles L (1985). Alcoholism, Attachment and Spirituality: A Transpersonal Approach. 

Whitcomb, D., When the Victim is a Child. (Republished 1992). National Institute of Justice, Issues and Practices. 

Wolfe, D. A. (1985). Child-Abusive Parents: An Empirical Review and Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 97(3), 462-482. 

1986

Browne, Angela & Finkelhor, David, Impact of Child Sexual Abuse: A Review of the Research, Psychological Bulletin 99(1) 66-77 (February 1986). DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.66. (“In regard to initial effects, empirical studies have indicated reactions—in at least some portion of the victim population — of fear, anxiety, depression, anger and hostility, aggression, and sexually inappropriate behavior. Frequently reported long-term effects include depression and self-destructive behavior, anxiety, feelings of isolation and stigma, poor self-esteem, difficulty in trusting others, a tendency toward revictimization, substance abuse, and sexual maladjustment. The kinds of abuse that appear to be most damaging...are experiences involving father figures, genital contact, and force.”) 

Campbell, Jacquelyn (1986), Danger Assessment, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing. (The assessment measures the level of danger of being killed by an intimate partner by a calendar of severity and frequency of battering and questions about predictors: increased severity/frequency, gun ownership, breakup, unemployment, weapon use/threat, threat to kill, avoided arrest, child not his, forced sex, strangle, illegal drugs, alcoholic, control activities, jealous, beaten when pregnant, threaten/try suicide, threaten to harm children, capable of killing, stalking.) * 

Chesler, P. (1986). Mothers on Trial: The Battle for Children and Custody. NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. Second edition 2011. (60 mothers in custody disputes. 82% of fathers achieved sole custody, although only 13% had been involved in child care activities prior to divorce, and 59% had abused their wives.)* 

Coleman, L. (1986). Has a child been molested? A psychiatrist argues for reforms in the way child sexual abuse cases are invested. California Lawyer 15-18. 

Deschner, J., McNeil, J., & Moore, M. (1986). A Treatment Model for Batterers. Social Casework 67(1) : 55-60, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Planning, NCJ 105256. (A study of 47 people who completed a 10 week anger control group training found significantly fewer arguments, lower anger intensity, and more satisfactory marriages. Only 15 couples responded to follow up eight months later and 8 were free of violence.) 

Edleson, J. L., & Brygger, M. P. (1986). Gender differences in reporting of battering incidents. Family Relations, 35, 377-382. 

Erez, E. (1986). Intimacy, violence and the police. Human Relations 39 (3), 265-281.(Married, unmarried and dating couples made police reports of domestic violence similar in intensity, time, and place.) 

Finkelhor, D., et al, (1986). A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. Sage Publications. (Over 90% of child sexual abuse offenders are male and known to or related to their victims.)* 

Friedrich, W., Urquiza, A., & Beerlke, R. (1986). Behavior problems in sexually abused young children, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 11:47-57. (A study of 85 sexually abused children found internalizing behavior was related to frequency of abuse, sex of child, relationship to perpetrator and severity of abuse. Externalizing behavior was related to duration, relationship and severity of abuse.) 

Gondolf, E., & Russell, D. (1986). The Case Against Anger Control Treatment Programs for Batterers. Response to the Victimization of Women & Children 9(3) (1986): 2-5. (Treatment programs for batterers developed within the last seven years. There is no conclusive evidence that any treatment is effective. s Anger control assumes a family systems interpretation that a wife acts to provoke anger and is an accomplice in her abuse. Batterers reduce anger control to a set of gimmicks to get their way less violently with psychological abuse from “non-violent terrorists.” Wife abuse is a social problem embedded in a sexist patriarchal social structure, the result of a more powerful and dominating man relentlessly using abuse to control and subject a woman with premeditated controlling behaviors. Regardless of factors such as anger, alcohol, stress, men need to accept full responsibility for their behavior to begin the process of personal change. Successful men cited empathy, a redefinition of manhood, and cooperative decision-making.) 

Goolkasian, G. (1986a). Confronting domestic violence: A guide for criminal justice agencies - Issues and practices. NCJ 101680. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. 

Hollingsworth, Jan (1986). Unspeakable Acts. NY: Cogdon and Weed. (Describes the investigation that exposed the child-abuse crimes of two Miami day-care center operators--one a convicted child molester--and profiles the victims.) 

Hotaling, G., & Sugarman, D. (1986). An analysis of risk markers in husband to wife violence: The current state of knowledge.. Violence and Victims, 1(2), 101-124. (Only witnessing violence in the wife's family of origin was consistently associated with being victimized) 

Kagy, L., Ritualized abuse of children. Recap (Winter 1986). 

Keilen, W. G., & Bloom, L. J. (1986). Child Custody Evaluation Practices: A Survey of Experienced Professionals. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 17: 338-346. (A survey of 82 mental health professionals from 23 states and Canada who had done an estimated average of 156.5 child custody evaluations over their career found evaluators expressed a preference for impartiality, yet many continued to be retained by one parent only.)* 

Langan, P. A., & Innes, C. A. (1986). Preventing violence against women. Special Report, NCJ 102037. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (A study found calling the police and arrest of the offender seemed to help prevent recurrences of domestic violence.) 

Lerman, L. (1986). Prosecution of Domestic Violence Against Women. Special Report, Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. 

Lifton, Robert J. (1986). The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, NY: BasicBooks. (Updated 2017). 

MacFarlane, K., Waterman; J., Conerly, S., Damon, L., Durfee, M., & Long, S. (1986). Sexual Abuse of Young Children. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ Number 115728. 

Melli, Marygold S. (1986). Constructing a Social Problem: The Post-Divorce Plight of Women and Children. 11 Am. B. Found. Res. J., 759, 759–72. 

Mian, M., Wehrspann, W., Klajner-Diamond, H., LeBaron, D., & Winder, C. (1986). Review of 125 children 6 years of age and under who were sexually abused. Child Abuse and Neglect 10, 223-229. (A study of 125 sexually abused children found girls were abused over three times more than boys. 60% were victims of intrafamilial abuse, with parents who were more likely to be separated or divorced. 

72.5% of the preschoolers were victims of intrafamilial abuse; 73% of 6-year-olds were abused by extrafamilial offenders. Disclosures were significantly less frequent when the perpetrator was intrafamilial or with preschoolers. Two-thirds of the children had physical and/or behavioral symptoms.) 

Pirog-Good, M., & Stets, J. (1986). Programs for Abusers: Who Drops Out and What Can Be Done? Response to the Victimization of Women & Children 9(2) : 17-19. 

Russell, D. (1986). The Secret Trauma: Incest in the Lives of Girls and Women. Basic Books, Inc., NY.. (A study of 930 women found a 4.5% incidence of father-daughter incest. Some form of father-daughter incest occurred in abouy 1 in 20 families with natural fathers and 1 in 7 families with stepfathers.) 

Schafran, L.H., & Wikler, N. J. (1986). Operating a task force on gender bias in the courts: A manual for action. The Foundation for Women Judges. 

Schafran, L. Educating Judges About Gender Bias: The Task Force Approach. Vol. 9, No. 2, Women’s Rights Law Reporter (Spring 1986). 

Solomon, P. (1986). Tracing of sexual abuse cases reported to the Cuyahoga County Department of Social Services January 1983 through November 1984. Cleveland Ohio Federation for Community Planning. 

Sonkin, D. (Ed.) (1986). Domestic violence on trial: Psychological and legal dimensions of family violence. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 104721. (History, custody and criminal justice management.) 

Tamarack, L. I. (1986). Fifty myths and facts about child sexual abuse. In Sexual abuse of children in the 1980’s (pp. 3-15). E. Schlesinger (Ed.) Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 

Task Force (1986). The First Year Report of the New Jersey Supreme Court Task Force on Women in the Courts. 9 Women’s Rights L. Rep. 129. 

Thoennes, N., Cosby, F., & Pearson, J. (1986). Child sexual abuse: A unified system response (Report of a study funded by the L. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. 

Wallerstein, Judith S. & Corbin, Shauna B. (1986). Father-Child Relationships After Divorce: Child Support and Educational Opportunity. 20 FAM. L.Q. 109, 115. (Abrupt termination of support at age 18, the age of majority in California. Many fathers refuse to assist voluntarily with college expenses, despite good father-child relationships during post-divorce years.) 

Ward, Elizabeth (1986). Father-Daughter Rape. W. W. Norton & Company. 

1987 

Arendell, Terry (1987). Mothers and Divorce: Legal, Economic and Social Problems. 20–41, 76–79, 145–49. (Divorced women in California experienced a sense of personal growth and greater self-determination as well as increased financial hardship.) 

Bryer, J.B., Nelson, B.A., Miller, J.B., & Krol, P.A. (1987). Childhood sexual and physical abuse as factors in adult psychiatric illness. Am J Psychiatry; 144:1426–1430. (A high rate of childhood sexual and physical abuse was found in female psychiatric inpatients. Childhood abuse experiences were correlated with severity of adult psychiatric symptoms. 

Conte, J., & Schuerman, J. (1987). Factors Associated With An Increased Impact of Sexual Abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 11, p. 201-211. doi: 10.1016/0145-2134(87)90059-7. (A study of 687 children found that stepfathers present an increased risk of sexually abusing their stepchildren. 39.5% of abusers were known to the child or family.) 

Corwin, D. L., Berliner, L., Goodman, G., Goodwin, J., & White, S., Child sexual abuse and custody disputes, no easy answers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2 (91): 91–105 (March 1, 1987). doi:10.1177/088626087002001006. S2CID 145677571. (“Children who are victims of sexual abuse and are caught in the middle of a custody battle are most at risk at missing out on protection and of misdiagnosis.”)* 

Davis, L., & Carlsen, B., Observations of spouse abuse: What happens to the children? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2(3), 278-291 (September 1, 1987). 

Douglas, M. (1987). The battered woman syndrome. In Sonkin, D. J. (Ed.) Domestic violence on trial. (pp. 19-54) New York, Springer. 

Gardner, R. A. (1987). The parental alienation syndrome and the differentiation between fabricated and genuine child sex abuse. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (A self published non-peer reviewed theory designed to undermine allegations of child sex abuse. The author proposed that sexual perversions such as pedophilia, sexual sadism and necrophilia have species survival value. He committed suicide in 2003.) 

Gelles, R. J. & Lancaster, J. B. (Eds.) (1987). Child abuse and neglect: Biosocial dimensions. New York: Aldine de Gruyter., U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 106796. 

Goldstein, Seth (1987). The Sexual Exploitation of Children: A Practical Guide to Assessment, Investigation and Intervention. CRC Press (Second Edition 1999). (Investigative and interrogatory techniques in the assessment and intervention of child sexual exploitation.) 

Gondolf, E., Evaluating Programs for Men Who Batter: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Family Violence 2(1): 95-108, NCJ 105396 (March 1987). 

Goodman, G., & M. Rosenberg (1987). The child witness to family violence: Clinical and legal considerations. In Domestic violence on trial: Psychological and legal dimensions of family violence. Edited by D. Sonkin. New York: Springer. (Even if children are witnesses to acts of violence and not the intended targets, they can be affected in the same way as children who are physically and sexually abused.) 

Herman, J.L., & Schatzow, E. (1987). Recovery and verification of memories of childhood sexual trauma. Psychoanal Psychol 4:1–4 23. (Short-term therapy groups assisted in recovery of previously repressed traumatic memories. A relationship was observed between the age of onset, duration, and degree of violence of the abuse and the extent to which memory of the abuse had been repressed. Three out of four patients found corroborating evidence of their memories from other sources.) 

Jones, D. P. H., & J. M. McGraw (1987). Reliable and Fictitious Accounts of Sexual Abuse of Children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 27-45, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 104783. (In 576 consecutive referrals of child sexual abuse to the Denver Department of Social Services, only 8 (1%) of the total cases brought by children were judged to have made a fictitious allegation and out of 696 cases, The Kempe Center determined that only 8 (2%) of children's reports of child sexual abuse were fictitious.)* 

Kaufman, J., & Zigler, E. (1987). Do abused children become abusive parents? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 186-198. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 123480. (Most abused children do not become abusive parents, although “the rate of abuse among individuals with a history of abuse is approximately six times higher than the base rate for abuse in the general population.”) 

Kay, Herma Hill (1987). Equality and Difference: A Perspective on No-Fault Divorce and Its Aftermath. 56 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1, 42–43. 

Levy, R. (1987). Custody investigations as evidence in divorce cases. Family Law Quarterly, 21(2), 149-167.* 

Milkman, Ruth (1987). Gender at Work: The Dynamics of Job Segregation by Sex During World War II. 105–35. (Employers fired women when male soldiers returned home from the war.) 

Myers, John E.B. (1987). Evidence in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases. Volumes 1 and 2, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. Previously published as Child Witness Law and Practice. (Republished in 1992). (A discussion of evidentiary and constitutional issues in child abuse and litigation.) 

Pleck, Elizabeth (1987). Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy Against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 117154. Later published in Journal of American History, Volume 74, Issue 4, Pages 1312–1313 (March 1 1988) and in 2004 by Universityof Illinois Press. (“The right of discipline has served as a justification for virtually all forms of assault by parents and husbands short of those that cause permanent injury). 

Saunders, D. G., Lynch, A. B., Grayson, M., & Linz, D., The inventory of beliefs about wife-beating: The construction and initial validation of a measure of beliefs and attitudes. Violence and Victims, 2(1), 39–58 (Spring 1987). (“Sympathetic attitudes toward battered women were related, as predicted, with liberal views of women's roles and sympathetic attitudes toward rape victims. Abusers and advocates 

were the most dissimilar in their attitudes.”) 

Sonkin, D. J. (Ed.) (1987). Domestic violence on trial: Psychological and Legal Dimensions of Family Violence. New York, Springer. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 104721. (A discussion of the historical roots of domestic violence in patriarchal societies, the effects of continued abuse, response of the criminal justice system, and the effects of domestic violence on children.) 

Sun, M., & Thomas, E. (1987). Custody Litigation on Behalf of Battered Women. National Center on Women and Family Law. 

Terry, Maury (1987). The Ultimate Evil: An Investigation into America's Most Dangerous Satanic Cult. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. (An investigative account of the “Son of Sam” killings in New York alleging killings were done by satanic cult with a national network, which prompted the re-opening of the case by the District Attorney.) 

Walker, L., & Edwall, G. (1987). Domestic violence and determination of visitation and custody in divorce. In D. J. Sonkin (Ed.) Domestic violence on trial: Psychological and legal dimensions of family violence (pp. 127-152). New York: Springer. 

Whitfield, C. (1987). Healing the Child Within: Discovery and Recovery for Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families. Health Communications Inc., Reprinted Cardwell 2010. 

 Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1987). Risk of maltreatment of children living with stepparents. In Gelles, R. J. & Lancaster, J. B. (Eds.) Child abuse and neglect: Biosocial dimensions. (pp. 215-232). New York: Aldine de Gruyter. (“The ‘step’ root comes from an Old English word meaning ‘to deprive or bereave’ and evidently retains its negative connotations today.”) 

1988 

Andres, R., & Lane, J.R. (1988). Cults and Consequences. Commission on Cults and Missionaries. Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles. 

Bass, Ellen & Davis, Laura (1988). The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse, (This excellent guide was published in 1990 and there have been three subsequent editions). 

Belsky, J., & Rovine, M.J., Nonmaternal care in the first year of life and the security of infant-parent attachment. Child Development, 59 (1): 157–67 (February 1988). (2 studies found non-maternal care of infants in the first year is associated with risk of insecure infant-mother attachment, and in the case of sons, insecure infant-father attachment. Children exposed to 20 hours of nonmaternal care per week showed more mother avoidance on reunion, and less secure attachment. Sons whose mothers were full time employed were more insecurely attached to their fathers, and to both parents.) 

Berliner, L. (1988). Deciding whether a child has been sexually abused in sexual abuse allegations in custody and visitation cases. In Nicholson, E.B., & Bulkley, J. (Eds.) Sexual Abuse Allegations in Custody and Visitation Cases: A Resource Book For Judges and Court Personnel. (pp. 48-69) Washington DC, American Bar Association. 

 Bersani, C., & Chen, H. (1988). Sociological Perspectives in Family Violence. In Van Hasselt, V., Morrison, R., Bellack, A., & Hersen, M. (Eds.) Handbook on Family Violence. New York: Plenum Press: pp. 57-84. (Not many years ago, family violence was virtually ignored.) 

. 

Bradshaw, John (1988). On the Family: A New Way of Creating Solid Self Esteem. Health Communications, Inc., Deerfield Beach, Florida (Republished 1990.) (Discusses ways to “escape the tyranny of family-reinforced behavior traps--from addiction and codependency to loss of will and denial--and demonstrates how to make conscious choices.”) 

Briere, J., Evans, D., Runtz, M., & Wall, T., Symptomatology of men who were molested as children: A comparison study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58, 457-461 (July 1988). (A study of 40 male and 40 female clients molested in childhood found no differences in previous suicide attempts and elevated symptomatology.) 

Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory. London: Routledge. 

Bowker, L., Arbitell, M., & Ferron, J., (1988). On the relationship between wife beating and child abuse. In Feminist perspectives on wife abuse. Yllo, K., & Bogra, M. (Eds.) (pp. 158-174) U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 142234. (A study of 1000 women, found children of battered wives are commonly abused by their fathers. In the families with children, 70% of wife beaters also abused their children. The more severe the wife abuse, the more severe the child abuse. The higher the degree of husband dominance, the more severe the child abuse.)* 

Buel, S.M. (1988). Mandatory arrest for domestic violence.. Harvard Women’s Law Journal 11, 213-226. 

Cherlin, A. J., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & McRae, C. (1988). Effects of parental divorce on mental health throughout the life course. American Sociological Review, 63, 239–249. (Negative effects of divorce for children were related in part to factors existing before the divorce, and in part to divorce.) 

Crewdson, John (1988). By Silence Betrayed: Sexual Abuse of Children in America. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 

Courtois CA (1988). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. New York: WW Norton & Company. 

Ducote, R., & Harrison, D.M. (1988). Aggressive advocacy for parents protecting children in child sexual abuse cases. In Nicholson, E. B., & Bulkley, J. (Eds.) Sexual abuse allegations in custody and visitation cases: A resource book for judges and court personnel. Washington, DC: American Bar Association. 

Edleson, J., & Grusznski, J. (1988). Treating Men Who Batter: Four Years of Outcome Data from the Domestic Abuse Project. Journal of Social Service Research, 12(3) 3-22. (A study of 156 batterers who completed treatment found approximately two-thirds were not violent. About half who did not complete treatment were not violent at follow-up.) 

Faller, K.C. (1988). Criteria for judging the credibility of children's statements about their sexual abuse. Child Welfare, 67, 389-401. (A study of 103 cases of child sexual abuse in which offenders confessed were examined for the extent of children's statements had context of the sexual abuse.)* 

Faller, K.C. (1988). The spectrum of sexual abuse in day care. Journal of Family Violence. 3(4): 283-298. (A study of 48 children sexually abused in daycare found two thirds were female. Half were maltreated by more than one perpetrator, by both men and women. The children were subjected to 5.3 types of sexual abuse. They had 3.7 symptoms regarded as sequelae of sexual abuse.) 

Finklehor, D., Williams, L. M., & Burns, N. (1988). Nursery Crimes: Sexual Abuse in Day Care. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Press. (A study of 1,639 children with 270 cases of substantiated sexual abuse in day care found that 13% of the cases involved allegations of ritual abuse.) 

Gamache, D., Edleson, J. & Schock, M. (1988). Coordinated Police, Judicial and Social Services Response to Woman Battering: A Multiple-Baseline Evaluation Across Three Communities.In Hotaling, G., Finkelhor, D., Kirkpatrick, J., & Straus, M. (Eds.) Coping With Family Violence: Research and Policy Perspectives. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage: 193- 211, NCJ 114456. (A study of coordinated police, judicial, and social service interventions in woman battering found that effort can dramatically change traditional response, but take a large amount of staff effort. No one has a right to use violence except in self-defense against a physical assault, yet a societal norm accepts violence by males to maintain power. Social systems must confront men who batter.) 

Gelles, R.J., & Straus, M.A. (1988). Intimate Violence.. New York: Simon and Schuster. 

Goldfeld, A. E., Mollica, R. F., Pesavento, B. H., & Faraone, S. V. (1988). The physical and psychological sequelae of torture? Symptomatology and diagnosis.. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, 2725-2729. 

Gould, Catherine (1988). Signs and Symptoms of Ritualistic Child Abuse. 

Grusznski, R., & Carrillo, T., Who Completes Batterers' Treatment Groups? An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Family Violence 3(2) : 141-150 (June 1988). (Men who completed treatment reported fewer indirect threats of violence, had a higher level of education, were more likely to be employed full time, witnessed abuse more often in their family of origin, were less likely to be victims of child abuse, scored higher on expressed control and had more children.) 

Hall, G.C.M., (1988). Criminal Behavior as a Function of Clinical and Actuarial Variables in a Sexual Offender Population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 56 (5), pp. 773-775. 

Hamberger, K., & Hastings, J., Skills Training for Treatment of Spouse Abusers: An Outcome Study. .Journal of Family Violence 3(2): 121-130 (June 1988). (A 15-week cognitive-behavioral skills training program for 32 male spouse abusers showed dramatic decreases in violent behaviors up to 1-year follow-up, but continued psychological abuse in some cases.) 

Hassan, Steven (1988). Combatting Cult Mind Control. Park Street Press. (Republished 1990, 2015, 2018.) (A former cult member, now a counselor helping those affected by destructive cults describes helping thousands of ex-members and their families, therapists, clergy, as well as law enforcement understand the use of mind control techniques in cults, troubling facts about recruitment, use of psychological manipulation, and their often subtle influence on government, the legal system, and society as a whole.) 

Hotaling, G. T., Finkelhor, D., Kirkpatrick, J. T., & Straus, M. A. (Eds.) (1988). Coping with Family Violence: Research and Policy Perspectives. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage: NCJ 114456. (Social responses to family violence, growth of shelters, programmes for batterers, the criminal justice response, the resistance of the medical and health systems, the challenges to caring services, the effectiveness of child protection and foster care programmes, and importance of prevention are discussed.) 

Hotaling, G. T., Finkelhor, D., Kirkpatrick, J. T., & Straus, M.A.(Eds.) (1988). Family abuse and its consequences: New directions in research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 

Hughes, H. M. (1988). Psychological and behavioral correlates of family violence in child witnesses and victims. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 58, 77-90. (A study of abused and non-abused child witnesses to parental violence in a battered women's shelter found significantly more distress in self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and behavior problems in the abused-witness children than in the comparison group, with non-abused witness children falling between the two.) 

Jacob, Herbert (1988). Silent Revolution: The Transformation of Divorce Law in the United States. (“Joint custody became a cause around which men’s groups and fathers’ groups rallied.”)* 

Johnston, J. R., & Campbell, Linda E. G. (1988). Impasses of Divorce: The dynamics and resolution of family conflict. New York, NY, US: The Free Press. (Physical aggression had taken place in 70-75% of parents referred by the family court for counseling after failed mediation or continuing disputes over the care of their children.) 

Jones, David P. H., & Seig, Ann (1988). Child sexual abuse allegations in custody or visitation disputes: A report of 20 cases. In Nicholson, E.B., & Bulkley, J. (Eds.) Sexual Abuse Allegations in Custody and Visitation Cases: A Resource Book For Judges and Court Personnel. Washington, DC: American Bar Association. pp. 22-36. (70% of child sex abuse allegations were found to be reliable, arguing strongly against the practice of dismissing CSA allegations in custody disputes as being false. 20% appeared fictitious, and 10% unknown.)* 

Kahaner, Larry (1988). Cults That Kill: Probing the Underworld of Occult Crime. New York:Warner Books. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 114208. (Interviews with investigating police officers, medical and psychiatric experts, practitioners of white and black arts, and cult victims, this book presents information of the beliefs and practices of various cults in America and offers evidence of associated crimes, including ritualistic child sexual abuse, child sacrifice, homicide, animal mutilations, and vandalism.) 

Kam, Katherine, Ritual killings have satanic overtones.. Christianity Today Vol. 32 pp. 52-4. (September 2, 1988.) 

Keating, Sharon S. (1988). Children in Incestuous Relationships: The Forgotten Victims. 34 Loyola Law Review 111. ("If a parent believes the child's story that the abuse happened, reports the abuse to the proper authorities, feels anger toward the perpetrator, that parent is considered by the court to be 

unreasonable." That would be normal if the perpetrator were not a family member. “Court-ordered visitation between a rape victim and a rapist in any other context would be a judicial outrage. However, in incest cases this is considered acceptable.” Courts return children to parents accused of molesting them, in spite of significant physical and psychological evidence that the abuse occurred.)* 

Kelley, Susan J. (1988). Ritualistic Abuse: Dynamics and Impact. (video) Cultic Studies Journal, 5(2) pp. 228-36 

Lew, Mike (1988). Victims No Longer: The Classic Guide for Men Recovering from Sexual Child Abuse. 

Lorenz, Konrad (1988). Here I Am - Where Are You? - A Lifetime;s Study of the Uncannily Human Behavior of the Greylag Goose. Translated by Robert D. Martin from Hier bin ich – wo bist du? (When a quacking sound was made and immediately after goslings hatched, they followed the person. Once this initial imprinting occurred, it could not be reversed or changed.) 

Marron, Devin (1988). Ritual Abuse. MacMillan, Canada. (Report of a ritual abuse trial in Hamilton, Ontario.) 

Nicholson, E. B., & Bulkley, J. (Eds.), Sexual abuse allegations in custody and visitation cases: A resource book for judges and court personnel. Washington DC, American Bar Association, National Legal Resource Center for Child Advocacy and Protection (February 1988). 

Paradise, J. E., Rostain, A. L., & Nathanson, M. (1988). Substantiation of sexual abuse charges when parents dispute custody or visitation. Pediatrics, 81(6), 835-9. (Case disputes involved younger children and allegations were substantiated less frequently when there was parental conflict.) 

Paveza, G. (1988). Risk factors in father-daughter child sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 3(3), 290-306. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 115116. (34 cases and 68 control families identified the following father–daughter sexual abuse risk factors: low mother–daughter closeness, low marital satisfaction, violence on the part of the father against the mother, and low income.) 

Rosewater, L. B. (1988). Battered or schizophrenic? Psychological tests can't tell.. In Ylloe, K., & Bograd, M. (Eds.) Feminist perspectives on wife abuse. (pp. 200-216). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 119052. (118 battered women, all but 12 in currently abusive situations, took the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The study found that traits measured for currently battered women were reactive, not character traits. “This shows how battered women are frequently misdiagnosed as borderline personality disorders”. Professionals fail to distinguish symptoms of victims of violence from symptoms of the sufferers of mental illness. Treating the source of the problem, not just symptoms, is needed.) 

Roy, M. (1988). Children in the crossfire: Violence in the home - how does it affect our children? Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications. 

Saunders, E. (1988). A comparative study of attitudes towards child sexual abuse among social workers and judicial system professionals. Child Abuse and Neglect 12: 81–90. (Social workers, police officers, district attorneys, public defenders and judges differed in their beliefs about victim credibility and punishment of offenders.) 

Schetky, Diane H., Green, & Arthur, H. (1988). Child Sexual Abuse: A Handbook for Health Care and Legal Professionals. Psychology Press. (Sociological reasons for the [incest] taboo stem from the need to strengthen the tribe through new alliances.) 

Singer, S. I. (1988). The fear of reprisal and the failure of victims to report a personal crime. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 4, 289-302. (The more dangerous the incident, the more likely reprisal is the stated reason for not reporting.) 

Stahly, G .B., Oursler, A., & Takano, J., Family violence and child custody: A survey of battered women's fear and experience. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San Francisco (April 1988). (25% of batterers threatened to hurt the children if the woman left; 35% said they would take custody.) 

1988 Stark, E., & Flitcraft, A. (1988). Women and Children At Risk: A Feminist Perspective of Child Abuse. 18 International Journal of Health Services 1. (A study of mothers of child abuse victims found battering is the most common context for child abuse. A battering male is the typical child abuser. Men, not women, typically commit serious child abuse. Battered mothers have no distinctive pathology in their backgrounds; yet, clinicians respond punitively to them. The child abuse establishment assigns responsibility to mothers regardless of who assaults the child, often removing the child to foster care if women are battered or otherwise fail to meet expectations of "good mothering.") 

Starr, Raymond Jr., (1988). Physical Abuse of Children. In Van Hasselt, V., Morrison, R., Bellack, A., & Hersen, M. (Eds.) Handbook of Family Violence. (1988). New York: Plenum Press. et al, pp. 119-155. (Concern for child well-being is relatively recent, possibly resulting from efforts of generations of parents to overcome their own abuse.) 

Straus, M.A., & Gelles, R.J. (1988). How violent are American families? Estimates from the National Family Violence Survey and other studies. In Hotaling, G. T., Finkelhor, D., Kirkpatrick, J. T., & Straus, M.A.(Eds.) Family abuse and its consequences: New directions in research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. (160 of 1000 couples experienced physical partner assaults, of which 34 were serious. Spouse assault rate was about 50 times higher than in the National Crime Survey. The assault rate found in this study was 5 times that reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1985. 110 children were abused. Child abuse rate was about 3.5 times higher than known to child protective services. Partners initiated violence at almost the same rate, and most children experienced sibling assaults.) 

Terr L., (1988). What happens to memories of early childhood trauma? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry; 27:96–104. (“The verbal and behavioral remembrances of 20 children whose trauma happened before age 5 and was documented. Children aged 28 to 36 months at the time of trauma were less able to fully verbalize their experiences. Short, single traumas are more likely to be remembered in words. Behavioral memories remain quite accurate.) 

Thoennes, N., Pearson, J., & Tjaden, P. (1988). Allegations of Sexual Abuse in Custody and Visitationi Cases, an Empirical Study of 169 Cases from 12 States. Sexual Abuse Allegations Project: Final Report, The Association of Family and Conciliation Courts Research Unit, grant (90-CA-1165) for the National Center on Chid Abuse and Neglect. 

Thoennes, N., Child Sexual Abuse: Whom Should A Judge Believe? What Should a Judge Believe? The Judges Journal (Summer 1988). (There is no explosion of false allegations of sexual abuse in custody and visitation cases.) 

1988 Van Hasselt, V., Morrison, R., Bellack, A., & Hersen, M. (Eds.) (1988). Handbook on Family Violence. New York: Plenum Press. 

Valliere, P., Bybee, D., & Mobray, C., Using the Child Behavior Checklist in child sexual abuse research: Longitudinal and comparative analysis. Paper Presented at the National Symposium on Child Victimization, Anaheim, CA. (April 1988). 

Williams, Mark (1988). Father-Son Incest: A Review and Analysis of Reported Incidents. Clinical Social Work Journal, 16(2), 165-179. (There are fewer case reports and less adequate data for father-son incest as compared to father-daughter incest. The psychosocial history and personality of a father who sexually abuses a son appears to be a dominant factor, while dysfunctional family interaction seems central who sexually abuses a daughter.) 

Wood, Wendy, & Leslie Hatton (1988). Triumph Over Darkness: Understanding and Healing the Trauma of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Beyond Words Publishing, Inc. 

Yilo, K., & Bogra, M. (Eds.) (1988). Feminist perspectives on wife abuse. Beverly Hills, CA Sage Publications, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 119043. (Wife abuse is defined as the use of physical force by a man against his intimate cohabiting partner.) 

1989

Abrams, R., & Greaney, J. (1989). Report of the gender bias study of the Supreme Judicial Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (In cases involving custody and visitation litigation, "the interests of fathers are given more weight than the interests of mothers and children.") 

Brier, John (1989). Therapy for Adults Molested as Children: Beyond Survival. Springer Publishing. 

Briere, J., & Runtz, M., The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-33): Early data on a new scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 4, 151-163 (June 1, 1989). (Data suggest the TSC-33 and subscales of dissociation, anxiety, depression, Post-Sexual Abuse Trauma-hypothesized, and sleep disturbance are reasonably reliable measures with some predictive validity to childhood sexual abuse.) 

Caesar, P. L., & Hamberger, L. K. (Eds.) (1989). Treating men who batter: Theory, practice, and programs. pp. 103-133, New York. 

Chamberlain, D.B. (1989). Babies Remember Pain. Pre- and Peri-natal Psychology, 3(4), 297-310. (Myths that babies don't feel, don't think, don't remember, and have no sense of self are false according to scientific research and calls into question painful procedures and rituals at birth that are both inhumane and unnecessary.) 

California Office of Criminal Justice Planning Research Update. Occult Crime: A law enforcement primer. Special Edition Vol. 1, No. 6 (Winter 1989-1990). (Studies of ritual abuse investigation across the nation. “We have recovered ritually killed babies in Connecticut; Bend, Oregon and in Los Angeles.” “Sandi Gallant, an intelligence officer with the San Francisco police and one of the nation’s most influential experts on cults, cautions that many cases are proving unfounded, though there have been 60 to 70 “solid” cases of ritual sexual abuse in the past few years nationwide.” A Victim Impact Panel program was launched.)* 

DeMaris, A. (1989). Attrition in Batterers' Counseling: The Role of Social and Demographic Factors. Social Review 63 : 142-154. (Non-compliance was associated with employment status, relationship to the victim, timing of abuse, arrest record, alcohol problems, motivation to end violence, age, income and age of partner.) 

DeShaney v. 189. County 489 US of Social Services (1989). 109 S. Ct. 998. (The U.S. Supreme Court held that unless the child ‘was in the custody of the state’ or a ‘special relationship’ existed between the state and the child, the state had no obligation to protect the child from his father. The father had beaten 

young Joshua, CPS removed the boy, then gave him back, chillingly documenting the continued abuse but never rescuing him. He was injured so badly he would be institutionalized the rest of his life.) 

Delorey, A.M. (1989). Joint legal custody: A reversion to patriarchal power. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 3, 33-44. 

Everson, M.D., et al, (1989). Maternal support following disclosure of incest. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, pp. 197-207. (The level of maternal support to incest victims following disclosure was found to be more closely related to perpetrator characteristics than to child characteristics. Lack of maternal support was significantly associated with foster placement and higher psychopathology scores.) 

Everson, M.D. & Boat, B.W. (1989). False Allegations of Sexual Abuse by Children and Adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 230-5. (The rate of false allegations of all child and adolescent reports of sexual abuse is 4.7 to 7.6% . Many professionals in the field of child sexual abuse are more skeptical of child and adolescent claims of sexual abuse than available research suggests is warranted.) 

Firush, R. & Hudson, J. (Eds.) (1989). Knowing and Remembering in Young Children. Cambridge University Press. 

Gillespie, C. K., Justifiable Homicide: Battered Women, Self-Defense and the Law. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 120318. (A study of appellate cases of over 200 women charged with murder of intimate partners found they killed men who had beaten and abused them, yet the women were judged guilty. The law of self-defense/justifiable homicide was not applied. Society's ambivalent/biased attitudes about women and acceptance of violence against them was clear.) 

Goodman, G.S., Rudy, L., Bottoms, B.L., & Amon, C. (1989). Children's Concerns and Memory: Issues of Ecological Validity in the Study of Children's Eyewitness Testimony.. In Knowing and Remembering in Young Children. Firush, R., & Hudson, J. (Eds.) Cambridge University Press. (“Actions affecting a child's sense of well-being, safety, and social acceptance are remembered remarkably well and that, at least by the age of 4 years, children are surprisingly resistant to suggestions about them.”) 

Johnston, Jerry (1989). The Edge of Evil - The Rise of Satanism in North America. Dallas: Word Publishing. ISBN 0-8499-0668-7. 

Kelley, Susan J. (1989). Stress responses of children to sexual abuse and ritualistic abuse in day care centers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 4(4):502-513. (A study of 67 pairs of abused and non-abused children found that sexually abused children had significantly more behavior problems than non-abused 

children. Sexual abuse involving ritualistic abuse was associated with increased impact and increased severity in the extent of the sexual, physical, and psychological abuse.) 

Kestenbaum, R., Farber, E.A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Individual differences in empathy among preschoolers: Relation to attachment history. New Directions for Child Development.;44:4451–4464. (Children with secure attachments at twelve and eighteen months of age are more empathic and prosocial toward others.) 

Kramer, R. (1989). Alcohol and Victimization Factors in the Histories of Abused Women Who Come to Court: A RetrospectC Case-Control Study. Dissertation AAT 8923570. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation Services. 

Leighton, B. (1989). Spousal Abuse in Metropolitan Toronto: Research report on the response of the criminal justice system. (Report No.1 1989-02). Ottawa, Canada: Solicitor General. (One quarter of a sample of battered women in Toronto experienced murder threats during visitation.) 

Maryland Special Joint Committee on Gender Bias in the Courts. (1989). 

Massachusetts Gender Bias Study, (1989). Gender Bias Study of the Court System in Massachusetts. (1989). Report of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Gender. (“We found gender bias to be in operation when decisions made or actions taken were based on preconceived or stereotypical notions about the nature, role, or capacity of men and women.”) 

Michaelson, Johanna (1989). Like Lambs to the Slaughter. Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House. 

Minnesota Supreme Court Task Force for Gender Fairness in the Courts. (1989). (Report to the state’s judiciary and to the public with a commitment to make the document a blueprint for action.) 

Muram, D., (1989). Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Relationship Between Sexual Acts and Genital Findings. Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol. 13, pp. 211-216. (In a study of 30 offenders who confessed to sexually assaulting 31 girls, mean age of 9.1 years, and vaginally penetrating 18. 61% of the penetrated girls versus 23% of those who denied penetration showed specific genital findings. All complaints of sexual abuse must be considered potentially valid and investigated further, even if the physical examination fails to detect any abnormalities.) 

Muram, David. (1989). Child Sexual Abuse: Relationship Between Sexual Acts and Genital Findings. Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, University of Tennessee. (A study of 18 offenders who admitted to vaginal penetration found that 7 of 18 victims (39%) had normal appearing genitalia and 5 girls had nonspecific abnormalities.) 

Myers J. (1989). Allegations of child sexual abuse in custody and visitation cases: recommendations for improved fact finding and child protection. Journal of Family Law, University of Louisville 1: 1–41. 

New Jersey Supreme Court (1989) Learning from the New Jersey Supreme Court Task Force on Women in the Courts: Evaluation, Recommendations and Implications for Other States. (New Jersey was the first state to establish a Supreme Court Task Force on Women in the Courts.) 

Podesta, Jane Sims (1989). Running for Their Lives: Defying the Law to Save Their Children from Alleged SexualHorrors, Fugitive Parents Turn to Their Last Hope: The New Underground Railroad. People. 

Saunders, D., & J. Parker (1989). Legal Sanctions and Treatment Follow-Through Among Men Who Batter: A Multivariate Analysis. Social Work Research and Abstracts 25(3): 21-29. 

Spencer, Judith (1989). Suffer the Child. Pocket Books. Reprinted in 2001. (A study of a woman’s description of being given to a satanic cult at age two and how ritual trauma resulted in multiple personality disorder.) 

Stratford, Lauren (1989). Satan's Underground: The Extraordinary Story of One Woman's Escape, Eugene, Oregon: Harvest House. 

U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Legal Issues in Family Violence. Clearinghouse on Family Violence Information (February 1989). (33 pages of references on family violence.) 

van der Kolk, B.A., & Ducey, C.P. (1989). The psychological processing of traumatic experiences. J Trauma Stress. 2:259–274. (Rorschach patterns in PTSD). 

Willson, T., (1989). Domestic Violence in Maryland: more From the Gender Bias Report.

1990 

Bensinger, Terri T., Long-term effects on adult women who report sexual and ritual abuse in their childhoods. Dissertation Abstracts International Vol 51(1-B), p. 420 (July 1990). 

Bischoff, K., The Voice of the Child: Independent Legal Representation of Children in Private Custody Disputes When Sexual Abuse is Alleged. Vol. 138, No. 5 U. of Penn. L.R. 1383 (May 1990). (Ensuring the child's independent voice is heard is one method of counteracting misperception regarding abuse in custody disputes. A representative should be an advocate, a lawyer who will advance the child's position and not make independent judgments of the child's best interests. But who protects the child from the lawyer, if the lawyer does not aggressively litigate on behalf of a child?)* 

Caplan, P., & Wilson, J. (1990). Assessing the child custody assessors. Reports of Family Law, 27, 121-134. 

Chase, Trudy (1990). When Rabbit Howls. JOV Publications. 

31

Chu, J.A., Dill, D.L. (1990). Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. Am J Psychiatry; 147:887–892. (Female psychiatric inpatients with a history of childhood abuse reported higher levels of dissociative symptoms than those who did not have that history.) 

Convention on the Rights of the Child. (September 2, 1990). 

Cozolino, L.J., Ritualistic child abuse, psychology and evil, Journal of Psychology and Theology, Vol 18, Issue 3, page 218 (Fall 1990). (Addresses ritualistic child abuse, the psychological sequelae of victimization, and possible motivations for this form of abuse.) 

Dunford, F. (1990). System initiated warrants for suspects of misdemeanor domestic assault: A pilot study. Justice Quarterly 7(4) : 631-653. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 130175. (A study of suspects of misdemeanor domestic assault who were absent when the police arrived and for whom probable cause for an arrest was established found that system-initiated warrants for their arrests appear to be more effective in reducing the likelihood of subsequent violence than simply advising victims of their rights and telling them how to obtain a warrant for a suspect's arrest.) 

Reisman, J. (1990). Kinsey, Sex and Fraud. (Alfred Kinsey’s crimes against children were exposed.) 

Elklit, A. (1990). Maling af belastninger efter voldeligt verfald med TSC-33 - traume symptom checkliste (Measurement of stress after a violent attack using the TSC-33 -Trauma Symptom Checklist) Nordisk Psykologi, 42, 281-289. . 

Faller, K.C. (1990). Sexual abuse of children in cults: A medical health perspective. Roundtable. 2(2). 

Family Violence Project (1990). Family Violence: Improving Court Practice. Juvenile and Family Court Journal 41(4): 14-15, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 131619. (Courts and law enforcement should regard family violence cases as serious criminal cases, not as mere family matters. All branches of government should devote adequate resources to family violence cases, and every community should have an officially recognized family violence coordinating council. Victims should be able to utilize all available legal remedies without having to choose between them. Judges and law enforcement personnel should be trained in the dynamics of family violence. Bail and release conditions should be consistent with other assault offenses to maximize protection for the victim.) 

Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., et al. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, pp. 19-28. (The first national survey of adults found that in 1,374 women and 1,252 male respondents, 27% of women and 16% of men reported a history of childhood sexual abuse. Higher rates were found among men and women who grew up in unhappy families.) 

Finn, P. & Colson, S. (1990). Civil Protective Orders: Legislation, Current Court Practices, and Enforcement. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice. (Judges issuing civil protection orders should consider denial of or limitations on visitation with children by batterers.) 

Florida Supreme Court, Report of the Florida Supreme Court, Gender Bias Study Commission Executive Summary. (March 1990). ("Many men file proceedings to contest custody as a way of forcing an advantageous property settlement. . . . Contrary to public perception, men are quite successful in obtaining residential custody of their children when they actually seek it.") 

Fraser, G. A. (1990). Satanic ritual abuse: A cause of multiple personality disorder. Special issue: In The Shadow of Satan: The ritual abuse of children. Journal of Child and Youth Care, 55-60. 

Fridell, Lorie A., Decision-making of the District Attorney: Diverting or prosecuting intrafamilial child sexual abuse offender. Criminal Justice Policy Review. 4(3): 249–267 (October 1990). U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Planning NCJ 134717. (A study of 221 child sexual abuse files found almost 90% of the cases were correctly classified by the District Attorney's Office to select defendants for participation in the Child Sexual Abuse Treatment Program (CSATP). The criteria were defendant-victim relationship, record of criminal behavior, record of violent criminal activity, evidence of mental or emotional disorder, and acknowledgement of responsibility. The only factor that influenced the DA's referral decisions that was not included in the formal guidelines was whether or not the defendant was a permanent resident in the victim's household.) 

Gender Bias Study of the Court System in Massachusetts (1990). 24 New Eng. L. Rev. 745, 747, 825, 846. ("In determining custody and visitation, many judges and family service officers do not consider violence toward women relevant.") 

Geffner, R. & Pagelow, M.D. (1990). Mediation and Child Custody Issues in Abusive Relationships. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 8 (2), 151-161. (“Several States require judges to consider spouse abuse in determining child custody; California considers it irrelevant to parenting ability.”) 

Gellis & Smith (1990). Physical Violence in American Families: Risk Factors and Adaptations to Violence. in 8, 145 Families. Transaction Publishers. (Boys who witness domestic violence are twice as likely to abuse their own partners and children when they become adults.) 

Giller, E. L. (Ed.) (1990). Advances in Psychiatry: Biological Assessment and Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 87-115. 

Goldin, Claudia (1990). Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women. 17 & tbl.2.1. 

Gomes-Schwartz, B., et al. (1990). Child Sexual Abuse: The Initial Effects, Sage Publications, p. 64. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 122577. (Of 156 confirmed abuse cases, mostly female children under age 13 who experienced repeated assaults, 3% were victimized by strangers, 68% were coerced by threats or physical aggression, and 27% had clinically significant levels of symptoms.) 

Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E.M. (Eds.) (1990). Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research and Intervention. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 121–60. 

Greenwald, E., Leitenberg, H., Cado, S. & Tarran, M. J. (1990). Childhood sexual abuse: long-term effects on psychological and sexual functioning in a nonclinical and nonstudent sample of adult women.. Child Abuse and Neglect, 14, 503-413. (The study found no difference in self-esteem or sexual satisfaction for 54 women who were sexually abused before age 15 and 54 matched non-abused women, although the abused group reported more symptoms of distress and psychological symptoms.) 

Gromley, Myra Van der Pool (1990). Colonial Love & Marriage. (No women came with the settlers who established Jamestown, Virginia. “Between 1620 and 1622, about 150 ‘pure and spotless’ women arrived in Virginia and were auctioned for about 80 pounds of tobacco to future husbands.”) 

Hart, B. J. (1990). Safety planning for children: Strategizing for unsupervised visits with batterers. Unpublished manuscript, Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (The Committee “strongly believes that children should not have to visit with their battering fathers until such time that the children want interaction with the father and visitation can be safe for both the children and the battered mother. Where a batterer is potentially lethal, we believe he should not be accorded any access to the children. Where he has been violent to the children or continues to intimidate or coerce the mother, but is not thought to present a danger of death or injury to the woman or children, we suggest that supervised visitation is the most that should be awarded. And in the situation where the batterer no longer poses a substantial risk of danger to either the child or the mother, then unsupervised visitation may be appropriate. However, we would assert that the custody court should impose specific provisions on awards of supervised and unsupervised visitation to protect the child and the mother against anticipated dangers. We would also commend safety planning with the child. This paper addresses only safety planning for unsupervised visitation.”) (NOTE: Safety planning places an undue burden on a child. The child should be kept safe if there is a need for safety planning, not forced to visit.) 

Hlady, L.J. & Gunter, E.J. (1990). Alleged Child Abuse in Custody Access Disputes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, pp. 591-593. (370 cases were referred to CPS for child sexual abuse investigation of which 11% involved divorce and custody actions. Accusations of child sexual abuse made in divorce cases were found slightly more likely to be substantiated by physical evidence than those made in non-divorce cases. Allegations of child physical abuse in custody cases were found to be much more likely to be substantiated by physical evidence in divorce cases than those made in non-divorce cases.) 

Holmes, D.S. (1990). Evidence for repression: An examination of 60 years of research. In Singer, J. (Ed.) Repression and Dissociation: Implications for Personality Theory. Psychopathology and Health, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp 85–102. 

Hudson, P. S. (1990). Ritual Child Abuse: A Survey of Symptoms and Allegations. Special Issue: In the Shadow of Satan: The Ritual Abuse of Children. Journal of Child Abuse and Youth Care, 27-54. (Assessment of 24 children in a ritual abuse day care case found symptoms included acting out sexual abuse, sudden extreme fear of the bathroom, bathing, washing hair, nightmares, night terrors, high anxiety, separation anxiety, temper tantrums, oppositional behavior. Children reported being locked in cages, buried alive, held underwater, threatened with weapons, injected with needles, drugged, bled, photographed, tied upside down, hung from a hook/pole, burned with candles, defected and urinated on, and taken to churches and graveyards. They reported watching other children being sexually abused and tortured. They reported watching animals, children and babies killed and having blood poured on them. Perpetrators in black robes told children that parents and others would be killed if they told.) 

Hurley, D. J., & Jaffe, P. (1990). Children's Observations of Violence: II. Clinical Implications for Children's Mental Health Professionals. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35(b), 471-476. (Presents inadequate mental health responses to violence, and strategies for assessing and treating children exposed to violence.) 

Jaffe, P. G., Wolfe, D. A., & Wilson, S. K. (1990). Children of battered women. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. (The estimated overlap between domestic violence and child physical or sexual abuse ranges from 30 to 50%. The children are at risk of physical, emotional, cognitive and social detriment.) 

Jurik, N., & Winn, R., Gender and Homicide: A Comparison of Men and Women Who Kill. Violence and Victims 5(4) : 227-242 (Winter 1990) NCJ 130043. (A study of 158 homicides found women more frequently kill intimates and in situations in which they are physically threatened.) 

Kluft, R., (Ed.) (1990). Incest-Related Syndrome of Adult Psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. (Connections are found between incest and somatoform disorders, disturbances of the self, problems in cognitive functioning, borderline psychopathology, dissociative disorders, posttraumatic symptoms, and vulnerability to revictimization.) 

Lundberg-Love, P., Geffner, R., Peacock, L., Marmion, S., & Ford, K. (1990). Psychological symptomatology of adult incest survivors. Family Violence Bulletin, 6 (2), 13-15. 

Magana, D. (1990). The impacts of client-therapist sexual intimacy and child sexual abuse on psychosexual and psychological functioning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles. 

Marshall, W.L., Laws, D.R., & Barbaree, H.E. (Eds.) (1990). Handbook of Sexual Assault: Issues, Theories and Treatment of the Offender. New York City: Plenum Press. 

Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1990). Gender Bias Study of the Court System in Massachusetts.. 24 New Eng. L. Rev. 745, 748, 825. (This study found factors in the family law system that consistently and negatively affect women: lack of access to adequate legal representation, accuracy of financial data presented and use of mediation which presupposes equal parties and a neutral mediator. Despite the pervasive belief that mothers are favored in custody disputes, “fathers who actively seek custody obtain either primary or joint physical custody over 70% of the time.” “Family service officers, probate judges, and appellate judges all say that giving primary consideration to the parent who has been the primary caretaker and psychological parent is in the best interests of children. In practice, however, it appears that as soon as physical custody is contested, any weight given to a history of primary caretaking disappears.” “We also found that abuse targeted at the mother is not always seen as relevant to custody and visitation decisions.”)* 

National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (1990). Family Violence: Improving Court Practice. Reno, Nevada. (Recognition of spouse abuse as child abuse when children are present in the home is essential.) 

New Beginnings (1990). A survey of battered women seeking shelter at New Beginnings, a shelter for battered women in Seattle, Washington. (The first reason many battered women give for fleeing the home is that the perpetrator was also attacking their children.) 

Pagelow, M. (1990). Effects of Domestic Violence on Children and Their Consequences for Custody and Visitation Agreements. Mediation Quarterly, 7(4). (A research review found domestic violence is harmful to children. Custody mediation between abusers and victims is argued against; however, relatively few victims identify themselves. Best interests of the child should be the focus, not parental rights.) 

Parker, R. N., & Toth, A. M., Family, intimacy and homicide: A macro-social approach. Violence and Victims, 5(3), 195-210. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (January 1990) NCJ 126251. (An analysis of homicide rates in 299 cities found family and sexual intimacy are apparently independent dimensions in homicide causes.) 

Pitman, R., & Orr, S. The Black Hole of Trauma. BioIogical Psychiatry, 26, 221-223. 

1990 Pithers, W. D., (1990). Relapse Prevention with Sexual Aggressors: A Method for Maintaining Therapeutic Gain and Enhancing External Supervision. in Marshall, W.L., Laws, D.R., & Barbaree, H.E. (Eds.) Handbook of Sexual Assault: Issues, Theories, and Treatment of the Offender. New York City: Plenum Press. 

Ross, C.A., Joshi, S., & Currie, R. (1990). Dissociative experiences in the general population. Am J Psychiatry; 147:1547–1552. (A study of 1,055 adults found dissociative experiences were common in the general population, declined with age, did not differ between men and women and were not influenced by income, employment status, education, place of birth, religious affiliation, or household number.) 

Ross, Colin (1990). Multiple Personality Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical and Treatment. (Updated in 1996 as Dissociative Identity Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical Features and Treatment of Multiple Personality.) (Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that multiple personality disorder arises as a dissociative strategy for coping with severe childhood trauma, usually involving physical or sexual abuse.) 

Russell, D.E.H. (1990). Rape in Marriage. New York: MacMillan Press. 

Sanford, Doris (1990). Don't Make Me Go Back, Mommy: A child’s book about satanic ritual abuse. Multnomah Press. 

Singer, J. (Ed.) (1990). Repression and Dissociation: Implications for Personality Theory, Psychopathology and Health. 

Snow, B., & Sorenson, T. (1990). Ritualistic child abuse in a neighborhood setting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 474–487. (A study of 39 children who described elements of ritual abuse found 3 components: incest, neighborhood juvenile perpetration and organizaed adult ritual sex rings which operated simultaneously and interacted with one another. Children’s symptoms often increased during the disclosure process. Perpetrators involved religious leaders and individuals considered to be conscientious, responsible members of the community. Ritual abuse in neighborhood settings appears secretive, coercive and complex. Inaccurate investigations and attempts to discredit victims and therapists occurred.) 

Special Issue: Shadow of Satan: The Ritual Abuse of Children. Journal of Child Abuse and Youth Care, 27-54. (A child’s memories of Nazi Germany and Communism.) 

Stickel, E. Gary (1990). Archaeological Investigation of theMcMartin Preschool site, Manhattan Beach, California. (An archaeological project conducted at the McMartin Preschool site unearthed not one but two tunnel complexes that conformed to locations and descriptions by children's reports.) 

Stahly, G. B., Battered women's problems with child custody. (April 1990). In G. B. Stahly (Chair) New directions in domestic violence research. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Los Angeles. [Cited in Liss, M. B., & Stahly, G .B. (1993). Domestic violence and child custody. In M. Hansen, & M. Harway (Eds.) Battering and family therapy: A feminist perspective (175-187). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.] (Shelter staff reported that for over 100,000 women, their batterers were given unsupervised visits with children with evidence of physical and sexual abuse.) 

Straus, M.A., & R. Gelles (1990). Physical Violence in American Families. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. (Women and children are statistically more at risk of assault in their own homes than on the streets of any American city.) 

Suh, E., & Abel, E.M. (1990). The impact of spousal violence on the children of the abused. Journal of Independent Social Work, 4(4), 27-34. (A study of 258 cases found that abuser's age, use of alcohol, and childhood experiences were significant predictors of a spousal abuser’s concurrent child abuse.) 

Terr, L., Too Scared to Cry: Psychic Trauma In Childhood. (Republished 1992). New York: Harper Row. 

Theonnes, Nancy & Tjaden, Patricia (1990). The Extent, Nature and Validity of Sexual Abuse Allegations in Custody.Divorce Disputes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, pp. 151-163. doi:10.1016/ 0145-2134(90)90026-P. (Sexual abuse allegations arise in only a very small minority of all contested custody-visitation cases. A study of 9,000 contested custody and visitation cases in 8 jurisdictions reviewed by the Association of Family and Conciliation Courts found 169 cases involving child sexual abuse allegations. 40 cases were excluded for coding issues, which left 129 usable cases of child sexual abuse, less than 2%.)* 

Tolman, Richard M., & Bennett, Larry W., A Review of Quantitative Research on Men Who Batter. (March 1, 1990). 

Williams, M.B. (1990). Child sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder: The enduring effect. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Fielding Institute, Santa Barbara, CA. 

1991 

Adams, D. (1991). Empathy and entitlement: A comparison of battering and non-battering husbands. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Available from Emerge, 2380 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02140. (Men who batter often appear to perceive their partners as owned objects.) 

Ayoub, C., Paradise, J., & Newberger, E., (1991). Alleging psychosocial impairment of the accuser to defend oneself against a child abuse allegations. Child and Youth Services, 13, 191-207. (A study of divorced/separated parents in which mothers alleged child abuse by fathers, who alleged mothers’ childhood abuse created a need to project accusations, found a need to explore wife battering.) 

Bagley, C. (1991). The prevalence and mental health sequelae of child sexual abuse in a community sample of women aged 18 to 27. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 10, 103-116. (A study of 750 women found 32% of respondents recalled abuse. 6.8% had experienced sexual abuse. The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC) was most useful. Scores of 30+ identified 72% of victims of long-term abuse, and 23% short-term sexual abuse.) 

Baladerian, N. (1991). Sexual abuse of people with developmental disabilities. Sexuality and Disability, 9, 323–335. (Identification is an obstacle for social service and law enforcement, who require date, location, perpetrators that many people with developmental disabilities are unable to give.) 

Bradshaw, John (1991). Homecoming: Reclaiming and Championing Your Inner Child. New York, Bantam Books. (Discusses learning to nurture the inner child who was wounded in childhood, offering the good parenting needed and longed for.) 

Bremner, J. D., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. Animal Models for the Neurobiology of Trauma. National Center for PTSD Research Quarterly, 2(4), 1-7 (Fall 1991). 

Boat, B.W. (1991). Caregivers as surrogate therapists in treatment of a ritualistically abused child. In Friedrich, W.N. (Ed.) Casebook of sexual abuse treatment. (pp. 1-26). New York: Norton. 

1991 Bottoms, B. L., Shaver, P. R., & Goodman, G. S. (1991, August). Profile of ritualistic and religion-related abuse allegations reported to clinical psychologists in the United States. Presented at the 99th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA. (30% of 2,709 clinical psychologists surveyed reported seeing at least one case of “ritualistic or religion-related abuse since January 1, 1980”. Of those, 93% believed that the harm had actually occurred.) 

Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., Andreski, P., & Peterson, E. L. (1991). Traumatic events and post traumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry ; 48 : 216-222. (Lifetime prevalence of exposure to traumatic events was 39.1%; of those, 23.6% developed PTSD. Extraverted males with low education, early conduct problems and family history of psychiatric or substance abuse disorders were at higher risk of exposure to traumatic events.) 

Burgess, A.W. (Ed.) Rape and sexual assault III. New York. 

Cahn, N. R. (1991). Civil images of battered women: The impact of domestic violence on child custody decisions. Vanderbilt Law Review, 44, 1041. (State courts and legislatures can better address these issues by making parental violence an explicit component when courts, parents, and social workers consider the best interests of the child in custody cases.)* 

Calof, D. L. From the editor’s desk: Regarding the credibility of ritual abuse reports. Treating Abuse Today 1(4) 1991 p. 4. 

Contested Custody Cases In Orange County, North Carolina, Trial Courts, 1983-1987: Gender Bias, The Family And The Law. (1991). The Committee for Justice for Women and the Orange County, North Carolina, Women's Coalition. 

Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins' Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241. (“Over the last two decades, women have organized against the almost routine violence that shaped their lives.” Battering and rape are recognized as a “system of domination that affects women as a class”.) 

Cook, C. (1991). Understanding ritual abuse: A study of thirty-three ritual abuse survivors. Treating Abuse Today, 1(4), 14-19. 

Davis, Laura (1991). Allies in Healing: When the Person You Love Was Sexually Abused as a Child. (Provides practical advice to partners “trying to support the survivors in their lives while tending to their own needs along the way.”) 

deMause, L. (1991) The Universality of Incest. (“The taboo on incest within the immediate family is one of the few known cultural universals.”) 

Douglas, H. 1991. Assessing violent couples. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services. 72(9): 525-535. (The U.S. Department of Justice estimates that 95% of reported assaults on spouses or ex-spouses are committed by men against women.) 

Driscoll, L. N., & Wright, C. (1991). Survivors of childhood ritual abuse: Multigenerational satanic cult involvement. Treating Abuse Today, 1, 5–13. 

Dziech, B, and Schudson, C. (1991). On Trial: America's Courts and their Treatment of Sexually Abused Children. Beacon Press, MA. (“Thus the silence of the abused is eventually broken, and their despair and rage are acted out in ways that threaten not only other children, but all of society.”) 

Edwards, Louise M. (1991). Differentiating between ritual assault and sexual abuse. J Child and Youth Care 6(4) pp. 169-88. 

Elliot, D.M., & Briere, J. (1991). Studying the long-term effects of sexual abuse: The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC) scales. In Burgess, A.W. (Ed.).Rape and sexual assault III. New York. 

Fahn, Meredith S. (1991). Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse in Custody Dispute: Getting to the Truth of the Matter.. 25 Family Law Quarterly 193. (Accusers have nothing to lose by raising false allegations, yet a mother who fails to meet a standard of proof faces the risk of losing custody.)* 

Faller, K. C. (1991). Possible Explanations for Child Sexual Abuse Allegations in Divorce. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 61(1), pp. 86-91. (In a study of 136 cases of child sexual abuse, only three (2.25%) were considered fabricated. Reasons for allegations may include the mother finding out about the sexual abuse and leaving the abuser, or the sexual abuse is revealed during the breakup or precipitated by the breakup.)* 

Faludi, S. (1991). Backlash: The undeclared war against American women. New York: Crown (Republished in 2006.) 

Fantuzzo, J.W., DePaola, L.M., Lambert, L., et al. (1991). Effects of interparental violence on the psychological adjustment and competencies of young children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 59:258–65. (A study of 107 preschoolers showed that parental verbal conflict only was associated with a moderate level of conduct problems: verbal plus physical conflict was associated with clinical levels of conduct problems and moderate levels of emotional problems; and verbal plus physical conflict plus shelter residence was associated with clinical levels of conduct problems, higher level of emotional problems, and lower levels of social functioning and perceived maternal acceptance.) 

Fineman, Martha Albertson (1991). The Illusion of Equality: The Rhetoric and Reality of Divorce Reform. 18–20. 

Ford, D. A. (1991). Prosecution as a victim power source: A note on empowering women in their violent conjugal relationships. Law & Society Review 25 (2), 313-334. 

Fineman, M. A., & Thomadsen, N. S. (Eds.) (1991). At the boundaries of law: Feminism and legal theory. pp. 281-300. New York, NY: Routledge. 

Friedrich, W.N. (Ed.) Casebook of sexual abuse treatment. New York: Norton. 

Garrison, E. G. (1991). Children's competence to participate in divorce custody decisions-making. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 78-87. (1991) (A study of 144 children aged 9-14 were compared to 24 nineteen-year-olds. 14-year-olds were as competent as 18-year-olds to state a custodial preference. Even 9 year-olds performed as well as 18-year-olds on one of the two measures. Considerable, if not controlling, weight can be given to custodial preference on a case-by-case basis.)* 

Geffner, R. (1991). Current issues and future directions in child sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1, 1-13. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 144242. (Many social and family problems may have their origins in sexual abuse, including substance abuse, depressive disorders, suicidal behavior, eating disorders, dissociative disorders, teenage pregnancy., regressive behaviors, sleep disturbances, persistent and inappropriate sexual play, detailed and precocious understanding of sexual behavior before it is age-appropriate, acting out behaviors, low self- esteem and fear of or reduced interaction with members of the sex of the perpetrator.) 

Hall, G.C.M., & Crowther, J. (1991). Psychologists' Involvement in Cases of Child Maltreatment: Additional Limit of Assessment Methods, American Psychologist, Vol. 46, pp. 79-80. (“Psychologists should be cautious in child maltreatment cases not only because the legal rights of all parties should be respected, but also because the empirical basis for the methods that psychologists may use in assessing such cases is limited.”) 

Harrell, A. (1991). Evaluation of a Court Ordered Treatment for Domestic Violence Offenders. Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 90-12L-E-089. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. and The Urban Institute, NCJ 139749. (A study of 81 cases in which offenders completed court-ordered treatment found that the programs failed to meet the expectations 

of the victims, the courts, and the treatment providers in stopping or reducing violence, improving victim safety, or reducing the demand for justice-system intervention.) 

Hendricks, J., (Ed.) (1991). Crisis Intervention in Criminal Justice and Social Services. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publishers, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice 

Holden, G. & Ritchie, K., (1991) Linking Extreme Marital Discord, Child Rearing and Child Behavior Problems: Evidence From Battered Women, Child Development, 62, 311-327. (“Children from violent families were reported to have more internalizing behavior problems, more difficult temperaments, and to be more aggressive than the comparison children. In violent families, maternal stress and paternal irritability were the 2 significant predictors of child behavior problems.”) 

Howard, B. J. (1991). Discipline in early childhood. Pediatr Clin North Am. 38:351–69. (Physical punishment has multiple negative effects on a child's development. A child needs an enduring responsive relationship that conveys positive regard, prompt attending, individual time daily, acknowledgment of positive behaviors, ignoring minor transgressions, active listening without judgment, specific feedback on actions, respectful tone, assistance with transitions, thanks and apologies, consistent structure, routines, good models, respectful instruction, progressive expectations opportunities to make choices relevant to their interests, role-taking opportunities, praise and rewards, prompt reasonable natural consequences after one request, as promised, especially timeouts.) 

Hudson, Pamela (1991). Ritual Child Abuse: Discovery, Diagnosis and Treatment. Saratoga, CA: R&E Publishers. 

Implementation of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act of 1988. National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. T-HRD-91-29. (May 9, 1991). (U. S. Government Accountability Office found implementation of CAPTA grants was hindered by staff shortage; did not satisfy all requirements, may repeat past failures, and Congress may wish to lower expectations or achieve goals by other means.) 

Jonker, F., & Jonker-Bakker, P. (1991). Experiences with ritualistic child sexual abuse: A case study from the Netherlands. Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 191–196.PMID 2043971 doi:10.1016/0145-2134(91)90064-K. (A study of 63 families with 90 children found behaviors of children included sleep disturbances, enuresis, sexualized behaviors, swearing, aggression, and anxiety. Even though most parents, social workers, physicians believed the children's stories were true, some people ascribed the stories to children's fantasies which had a negative influence on children and parents.) 

Jones, D.P.H. (1991). Ritualism and child sexual abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 163-170. 

Los Angeles County Commission for Women Ritual Abuse Task Force, Ritual Abuse: Definitions Glossary, The Use of Mind Control. (January 1, 1991). (Ritual abuse is a brutal form of abuse of children, adolescents, and adults, consisting of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, with the use of rituals.) 

Lowenstein, S. R. (1991). Child sexual abuse in custody and visitation litigation: Representation for the benefit of victims. UMKC Law Review, 60, 227-82. (A study of 36 cases in which the father was alleged to have sexually molested the child found the father was given unsupervised visits in 24 cases. Two-thirds of the alleged perpetrators received unsupervised visitation and in custody cases in which 63% of mothers alleged some kind of abuse, 48% of mothers lost custody.)* 

Loseke, D. R. 1991. Changing the boundaries of crime: The battered women's social movement and the definition of wife abuse as criminal activity. Criminal Justice Review 16 (2), 249-262. (Violence against women is categorized as "wife abuse" as a serious crime or "domestic disturbance" as used by police.) 

Mahoney, M. R. (1991). Legal images of battered women: Redefining the issue of separation. Michigan Law Review, 90, 1-94. (Studies confirm a high percentage of custody awards to fathers who battered their wives.)* 

Mossman, M. J. (1991). Feminism and legal method: The difference it makes. In At the boundaries of law: Feminism and legal theory, Fineman, M. A., & Thomadsen, N. S. (Eds.) pp. 281-300. New York, NY: Routledge. (Resistance to ideas that challenge the status quo leads to the need to confront the reality that gender and power are inextricably linked in the legal method.) 

Neswald, D., Gould, C., & Graham-Costain, V. (1991). "Common programs" observed in survivors of Satanic ritual abuse. The California Therapist, 3(5), 47-50. (Cult “programs” are conditioned stimulus-response sequences. Conditioning is accomplished by sophisticated sadistic strategies of physical pain, double-bind coercion, psychological terror, and split brain stimulation. Programs can be triggered by hearing, vision, touch, smell or taste and have back-ups. The victim is conditioned, for example, to self injure, suicide, injure others, shutdown, or return to protect the criminal group.) 

Paquette, Catherine. (1991). Handling Sexual Abuse Allegations in Child Custody Cases. New England Law Review, 25, 1415. 

Pate, A., Hamilton, E. & Annan, S. (1991). Metro-Dade Spouse Abuse Replication Project Technical Report. Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 87-IJ-CXK003. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 139734. (A study of the effectiveness of arrest and follow-up by a special domestic violence police unit in cases of spouse abuse found significant effects attributable to arrest on prevalence/incidence of physical assaults against the victim, but no effect from the special unit followup.) 

Perry, B. D., Conroy, L., & Ravitz, A. (1991). Persisting psychophysiological effects of traumatic stress: The memory of "states". Violence Update, 1(8), 1-11. 

Peterson, G. (1991). Children Coping with Trauma: Diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Dissociation Progress in the Dissociative Disorders, 4(3), 152-164. (“Dissociation is a common phenomenon in children. Under conditions of extreme stress, dissociation may be used to wall off traumatic memories. In extreme cases, the use of dissociation may result in the development of multiple personality disorder.) 

Reisman, Judith, (1991). Soft Porn Plays Hardball: Its Tragic Effects on Women, Children and the Family. 

Ruben, Joseph director (1991). Sleeping with the Enemy. (A film about domestic violence.) 

Saywitz , K., Goodman, G., Nicholas, E., Moan, S. (1991). Children's Memories of a Physical Examination Involving Genital Touch: Implications for Reports of Child Sexual Abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 59, No. 5, 682-691. Copyright by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0022-006X/91/S3.00 Special Feature. (Half of 72 girls ages 5-7 had a vaginal and anal examination and later revealed vaginal and anal contact only when asked directly about it. The false report rate was low.) 

Singer, J. (Ed.) Repression and Dissociation: Implications for Personality Theory. . Psychopathology and Health, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. 

Sorenson, T. & Snow, B. (1991). How children tell: The process of disclosure in child sexual abuse. Child Welfare, 70, pp. 3-15. (A study of 116 confirmed cases of child sexual abuse found almost three-fourths of children denied the abuse at first. 78% tentatively disclosed; only 11% disclosed without denying or tentativeness; and 96% eventually made an active disclosure - a detailed, coherent, first-person account of the abuse. Over time, 70% provided further information. Two-thirds were being currently abused. 22% recanted, even though the abuse was confirmed. School-age children were less likely to disclose purposefully or accidentally; preschool children were significantly more likely to disclose accidentally, and adolescents were significantly more likely to disclose purposefully.) 

Stanley J. (1991). Child abuse and other family violence: an exploratory study of this association and how it might affect the child protection worker. MSW Thesis, Monash University, Clayton. 

Suchanek, J., & Stahly, G. B. The relationship between domestic violence and paternal custody in divorce. Ann. Meeting W. Psychol. Ass’n San Francisco (April 1991). (Domestic violence cases had significantly more custody disputes, and violence did not make a difference in custody disposition.)* 

Van der Kolk, B.A., & Van der Hart, O. (1991). The intrusive past The flexibility of memory and the engraving of trauma. American Imago : 48, 425-454. 

Young, W., Sachs, R. G., Braun, B. G., & Watkins, R. T. (1991). Patients reporting ritual abuse in childhood: A clinical syndrome. Journal of Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 181–189. (A study of 37 adult patients with dissociative disorder from separate geographical locations reporting similar ritual abuse found they had severe post-traumatic stress disorder, guilt, bizarre self abuse, unusual fears, sexualization of sadistic impulses, indoctrinated beliefs and substance abuse.) 

1992 

Amar, Akhil Reed & Widawsky, Daniel, Child Abuse as Slavery: A Thirteenth Amendment Response to DeShaney. Harvard Law Review (April 1992). (Emancipation did not discriminate by age; the Thirteenth Amendment freed minors as well as adults and applies to private conduct. It is argued that child abuse is slavery: “A power relation of domination, degradation and subservience, in which human beings are treated as chattel, not persons.”) 

Applebome, Peter, Child Abuse "Rescuer" is Now The Accused. (April 27, 1992). New York Times 

Applebome, Peter, Founder of a Network for Abused Children is Acquitted for Cruelty. (May 16, 1992), New York Times. 

Bowman. C. G. (1992). The arrest experiments: A feminist critique. Journal of Criminal Justice Law and Criminology 83 (1), 201-208. (Describes earlier studies showing arrest resulted in a reduction in subsequent violence, and new studies that found arrest no more effective than other responses and may lead to retaliation. Another study found when the police pressed charges against abusers and the community provided a broad range of services for victims, there was a 25-fold increase in domestic violence filings, no reduction in victim willingness to ask police for help, a higher level of satisfaction with the police, and a reduction in victim-reported incidents of violence.) 

Bretherton, Inge (1992). The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology (1992), 28, 759-775. (Describes early work on a child’s tie to the mother; its disruption through separation, deprivation, and bereavement; the attachment figure as a secure base from which the infant explores; and maternal sensitivity to infant signals.) 

Brier, John (1992). Child Abuse Trauma: The Theory and Treatment of the Lasting Effects. Sage Publication. 

Briere, J. Studying Delayed Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse. APSAC Advisor. (Summer 1992). 

Bross D. (1992). Assumptions about child sexual abuse allegations. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 1: 2. 

Bruch, Carol S. (1992). And How Are The Children? The Effects of Ideology and Mediation on Child Custody Law and Children's Well Being in the United States. 30 Fam. & Conciliation Cts. Rev. 112, 116. See WIS. D.C.F. 150.04(2)1). (Changing physical custody terminology was not matched by changes in actual time shares. A parent who cared for children 25% of the time was considered a visiting parent for child support purposes. That timeshare now qualifies as "shared custody" under a special formula that previously required at least 30% time for its application.) 

Bucky, Steven F., & Dalenberg, Constance, The relationship between training of mental health professionals and the reporting of ritual abuse and multiple personality disorder symptomatology. Journal of Psychology & Theology, Vol 20(3) (Fall 1992). Special issue: Satanic ritual abuse: The current state of knowledge. pp. 233-238. (A survey of 433 mental health professionals found “no differences across disciplines in frequency of reports of MPD diagnosis, ritual abuse patients seen, or the presence of symptom clusters which may be associated with diagnosis of either ritual abuse or MPD.”) 

Burgess, A. W. (Ed.) (1992). Child Trauma Issues and Research. New York: Garland Publishing. 

1992 Buzawa, E., & C. Buzawa (Eds.) (1992). Domestic Violence: The Changing Criminal Justice Response. Westport, CT: Auburn House. (Reprinted 1996). (60% of those obtaining protection orders reported violations within one year.) 

Christophersen, E.R. (1992). Discipline. Pediatr Clin North Am.;39:395–411. (Time-in, self-quieting skills, and independent play skills have rarely been addressed in the pediatric literature.) 

Crabtree A. (1992). Dissociation and memory: A two hundred year perspective. Dissociation; 5:150–154. (Dissociation has been studied for 2 centuries.  In the 1770's, physician Franz Anton Mesmer devised a system in which the physician was a healer, rather than prescribing medications. The discovery of ‘magnetic sleep’ in 1784, later called ‘hypnotic trance’ “revealed that there are separate consciousnesses that operate within an individual, each with a distinct memory chain.  The lack of awareness of one consciousness for the experience of the other was called amnesia... In the 1890s this  ‘dissociated’ way of functioning became seen by many as normal and common to all human beings. The theory of ‘state-related’ memory arising in the 1960s confirmed this view.”) 

Cole, D. A., The incidence of ritual abuse: A preliminary survey. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53 (6-B), 3150 (December 1992). (1,250 mental health professionals in California were surveyed. Of the 250 responses, 46% indicated they had seen RA patients or patients who met at least one criteria listed.) 

Cozolino, L.J., & Shaffer, R.E., Adults who report childhood ritualistic abuse. Satanic Ritual Abuse: The Current State of Knowledge. Journal of Psychology and Theology, Satanic Ritual Abuse: The Current State of Knowledge, Vol 20, Issue 3 (Fall 1992). (A study of 20 subjects who all reported severe and sadistic forms of abuse by multiple perpetrators, and murder of animals, infants, children and/or adults found that all had suicidal ideation, half reported suicide attempts, and some reported continued revictimization into their adult years.) 

Crittenden PM (1992). Children's strategies for coping with adverse home environments: An interpretation using attachment theory. Child Abuse & Neglect. 16 (3): 329–43. (A study of abused children found they were difficult or compliant in interaction with their mothers, avoidant under stress, and aggressive with siblings. Neglected children were cooperative with the mother, anxious under stress, and aggressive with siblings. Adequately-reared children were cooperative with both their mothers and siblings and secure under stress. Older abused children were more compulsively compliant.) 

1992 Depner et al. (1992). Building a uniform statistical reporting system: A snapshot of California Family Court Services. Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 30. 185-206. (Among custody litigants referred to mediation, physical aggression had occurred between 75% and 70% of the parents even though the 

46

couples had been separated for an average of 30-42 months. In 35% of the first sample and 48% of the second, the violence was severe and involved battering and threatening to use or using a weapon.)* 

1992 DeCamp, John (1992). The Franklin Cover-Up: Child Abuse, Satanism and Murder in Nebraska. Republished 2011. (Nebraska Senator describes a criminal pedophile and ritual abuse ring located in Omaha with operations at Boys Town in Nebraska, Sacramento, CA and.Washington DC.) 

1992 deYoung M., Lowry J.A. (1992). Traumatic bonding: Clinical implications in incest. Child Welfare. ;71:165-175. (Traumatic bonding in a child is an emotional dependency with an adult who periodically sexual abuses the child.) 

1992 Dobash. R. E. & Dobash, R. (1992). Women, Violence and Social Change London, New York: Routledge. 

1992 Dobash. R. E., Dobash, R. & Wilson, M. (1992). The myth of sexual symmetry in marital violence. Social Problems, 39, 71-91. 

1992 Dutton, M. A. (1992). Empowering and healing the battered woman: A model for assessment and intervention. New York, NY: Springer. 

1992 Evers-Szostak, M. & Sanders. S., The Children's Perceptual Alteration Scale (CPAS): A Measure of Children's Dissociation. DIssociation, 2, 91-98 (June 1992). (The CPAS appears to be a valid measure of children's dissociative experiences.) 

1992 Ford, D., & Regoli, M.J. (1992). The Preventive Impacts of Policies for Prosecuting Wife Batterers. In Buzawa, E. & Buzawa, C. Domestic Violence: The Changing Criminal Justice Response, Westport, CT: Auburn House,: 181-208. 

1992 Friedrich, W. N., et al. (1992). Psychotherapy outcome of sexually abused boys. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7:396-409. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 138601. (A study of 33 sexually abused boys who completed the program were white, between the ages of 4 and 16, and from single-parent families. Clinically and statistically significant improvements were noted in a number of areas, including overall behavioral problems and sexual behavioral problems. Therapy outcome was related to a number of family and abuse factors, including maternal depression and social support, family conflict, and abuse severity.) 

1992 Garland. Elliott, D.M., & Briere, J. (1992). Sexual abuse trauma among professional women: Validating the Trauma Symptom Checklist 40 (TSC-40). Child Abuse & Neglect, 16, 391-398. (A study of 2,963 professional women found the TSC-40 was reliable and displayed predictive validity with regard to childhood sexual victimization. Women who reported a sexual abuse history scored significantly higher than did women with no history of abuse on each of the six subscales and on the overall TSC-40 score.) 

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1992 Garvy, Rhea (producer/director), Promise Not to Tell Direct Cinema Limited television special (Summer, 1992). (Children from a Utah family disclosed allegations of ritual sexual abuse involving the whole neighborhood.) 

1992 Gould, C., & Cozolino, L., Ritual abuse, multiplicity and mind control, Satanic Ritual Abuse: The Current State of Knowledge. Journal of Psychology and Theology, Vol 20, Issue 3, pp 194-6 (Fall 1992). (As a result of childhood trauma, ritual abuse victims frequently develop multiple personality disorder. Therapists have assumed these are spontaneously defenses against trauma. Some victims appear to have cult-created multiplicity, outside the victim’s awareness and used to serve the cult purpose.) 

1992 Gould, C. (1992). Diagnosis and treatment of ritually abused children. in Sakheim, D.K., & Sakheim, S.E. (Eds.) Out of Darkness: Exploring Satanism and Ritual Abuse. New York, NY:Lexington Books. ISBN 0-669-26962-X. 

1992 Gould, C., & Neswald, D. (1992). Basic treatment and program neutralization strategies for adult MPD survivors of satanic ritual abuse. Treating Abuse Today, 2(3), 5–10. 

1992 Grant, Lee, & Cotts, Virginia, America Undercover: Women on Trial. Joseph Fuery Productions, Inc. television special, New York (October, 1992). (Four mothers from Harris County, Texas lost their children because they tried to protect them. Presiding Judge Dean Huckabee was unsuccessful in his lawsuit against HBO.)* 

1992 Gordon M. (1992). Recent Supreme Court rulings on child testimony in sexual abuse cases. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 1: 59–71. 

1992 Gothard, S. (1992). Children in Courtrooms: A Commentary. , Vol. 1, No. 3 Journal of Child Sexual ABuse, 1115. (Judge Gothard writes, “Too many judges have no understanding or knowledge of the dynamics of this problem; even worse they have no compassion or sympathy for the child victim.) 

1992 Gwinn, C. G. & O’Dell, A. (1992). Stopping the violence: The role of the police officer and the prosecutor. 

1992 Hammond, Corydon, Hypnosis in MPD, also known as “The Greenbaum Speech,” delivered at the Annual Eastern Regional Conference on Abuse and Multiple Personality sponsored by the Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C. (June 25, 1992). (Describes widespread programming of cult victims.) 

1992 Hart, B. J. (1992). State codes on domestic violence: Analysis, commentary and recommendations. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 43, 1-81. 

1992 Herman, Judith L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence from Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. New York, NY: BasicBooks. (Republished 2015). (Surprising parallels between private horrors like child abuse and public horrors like war.) 

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1992 Hilton, N.Z. (1992). .Battered women's concerns about their children witnessing wife assault. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 7: 77-86. (Of 20 assaulted women, 55% of 20 of their children had witnessed violence and 90% had become involved in physical or psychological abuse in some way, even after separation; 55% of mothers left because of the risk to their children; and 45% believed wife assault was a learned behavior, which helped them maintain the decision to leave.) 

1992 Hirschel, J. D., Hutchinson III, I.W., & Dean, C.W. (1992). The failure of arrest to deter spouse abuse. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 29 (1), 7-33. (A study found that arrest was no more effective than separating couples or issuing citations.) 

1992 Kaci, J. H. (1992). A study of protective orders issued under California's Domestic Violence Prevention Act Criminal Justice Review 17 (1), 61-76. (A study of 224 temporary restraining orders, only 39% of victims completed the process for permanent orders. There was no significant relationship between the level of violence and the decision to obtain a permanent order or file for dissolution. Married victims were significantly less likely to seek a final order or file criminal charges.) 

1992 Kelley, S. J. (1992a). Ritualistic abuse: recognition, impact and current controversy. Presented at the Conference on Responding to Child Maltreatment, San Diego, CA. 

1992 Kelley, S. J. (1992b). Stress responses of children and parents to sexual abuse and ritualistic abuse in day care centers. In Burgess, A. W. (Ed.) Child Trauma I Issues and Research (pp. 231–255). New York: Garland Publishing, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 137067. (A study of 134 

families found children are negatively affected by sexual abuse and had persistent behavioral disturbances and had more sexual problems than the nonabused subjects, and sexual victimization is a major stressor for nonoffending parents.) 

1992 Kinscherff, R., & Barnum, R. (1992). Child forensic evaluation and claims of ritual abuse or Satanic cult activity: A critical analysis. In Sakheim, D.K., & Devine, S.E. (Eds.) Out of Darkness: Exploring Satanism and ritual abuse. pp 73-107. New York, NY: Lexington Books. 

1992 Laviola, M. (1992). Effects of older-brother younger-sister incest: A study of the dynamics of 17 cases. Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 409-421. (A study of 17 women sexually abused by older brother found that all of their families of origin were described as dysfunctional. Common effects included mistrust of men and women, chronic low or negative self-esteem, sexual response difficulties, and intrusive thoughts of the incest.) 

1992 Lawson, L., & Chaffin, M. False negatives in sexual abuse disclosure interviews. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7(4), 532-42. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ (19 (Only 12 of 28 children (43%) who tested positive for a sexually transmitted disease gave any verbal 

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confirmation of sexual contact. 12 caretakers refused to acknowledge any possibility of abuse. Reliance on single interviews and identification of red-flag indicators fails to identify many victims.) * 

1992 Lipinski, B.J. (1992). Psychological correlates of childhood sexual abuse and adult victimization in women's experiences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California. (A study of recent victims of violent crime found that prior childhood sexual abuse was positively associated with high levels of dissociation, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, sexual problems and post-traumatic symptoms.) 

1992 Lundberg-Love, P. K., Marmion, S., Ford, K., Geffner, R., & Peacock, L. (1992). The long-term consequences of childhood incestuous victimization upon adult women's symptomatology. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. I, 81-102. (Incest produces feelings of powerlessness, stigmatization, and betrayal many years after the abuse, along with affective disorders, substance abuse, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, post-traumatic stress and sexual dvsfunction. Adult incest survivors reported greater levels and type of distress and symptoms as three control groups, and were significantly more depressed, alienated, inhibited. socially introverted, and interpersonally more sensitive.) 

1992 Maccoby, Eleanor E., & Mnookin, Robert H. (1992). Dividing the Child: Social and Legal Dilemmas of Custody. 90-91, 215, 232, Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. Press. (Republished.) 

1994 Johnston, J. R., High-Conflict Divorce.The Future of Children, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Spring 1994) 165-182, (About 20% of divorcing or separating families’ cases go to court and only 4-5% ultimately go to trial.)* 

1992 McGraw, J. M., & Smith, H. A. (1992). Child sexual abuse allegations amidst divorce and custody proceedings: Refining the validation process. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1, 49–62. (A study of 18 cases of child sexual abuse allegations in the contet of divorce and custody disputes showed that initially, only 5.6% of the cases were founded but when the systematic clinical process of validation used at the Kernpe Center, 44.4% were founded.)* 

1992 Mikkelsen, E.J., Gutheil, T. G., & Emens, M. (1992). False Sexual Abuse Allegations by Children and Adolescents: Contextual Factors and Clinical Subtypes. American Journal of Psychotherapy 46: 556-70 (“False allegations of sexual abuse by children and adolescents are statistically uncommon, occurring at the rate of 2 to 10 percent of all cases.”) 

1992 Mullally, B., In the Best Interest of the Child. The Times Herald Record, Middletown, NY, September 20, 1992. 

1992 Myers, J.E.B. (1997). EEvidence in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases. Vol 1 and 2. textbook, Third Edition, Vol. 2, Section 7.52. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 149416.(A two-volume text describes child development, whether young children can understand the difference between the truth and a lie, whether children can differentiate fact from fantasy, the suggestibility of children, whether children can remember what they observe, at what age children can accurately place 

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events in a temporal framework,physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse cases, expert testimony, direct examination, cross-examination, witness impeachment, hearsay evidence, closing the courtroom while children testify, and permitting children to testify outside the physical presence of the defendant.) 

1992 National Center for Victims of Crime and Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center (1992). Incest. (61% of all American rape victims are under 18. 29% of all rape victims were under 11. 11% of rape victims are raped by their fathers or stepfathers, and another 16% are raped by other relatives). 

1992 O’Donohue, W. T., Elliott, A. N., Nickerson, M., & Valentine, S. (1992). Perceived credibility of children's sexual abuse allegations: Effects of gender and sexual attitudes. Violence and Victims, 7(2), 147-155. (250 college students read a short vignette in which a child alleged sexual abuse and the accused male denied the abuse. The vast majority believed the child was telling the truth, and females rated the child's credibility significantly higher than males.) 

1992 Otto, Linda (director) & Baxter, L (writer), A Mother's Right: The Elizabeth Morgan Story. (November 29, 1992). (Dr. Elizabeth Morgan was jailed for 2 years when she refused to reveal where she hid her daughter. Accused sex abuser Dr. Eric Foretich sued ABC related to how he was portrayed in the film, and was paid a settlement.)* 

1992 Parkman, Allen M. (1992). No Fault Divorce: What Went Wrong? 

1992 Patterson, James (1992). Bad Blood, The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. (The United States Public Health Service conducted an gruesome experiment from 1932 to 1972 on over 400 black men infected with syphilis, not to cure them, but to learn how syphilis affected them.) 

1992 Pennington, J., Esq. (1992). Testimony of Executive Director of the National Center for Protective Parents before the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee. 

1992 Perry, N.E. (1992). Therapists' experiences of the effects of working with dissociative patients..Paper presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Multiple Personality and Dissociation, Chicago, IL. (88% of 1185 responding therapists reported belief in ritual abuse, including mind control and programming.) 

1992 Pistone, J. (1992). The ceremony: The Mafia initiation tapes. New York: Dell. 

1992 Polikoff, N. D. (1992). Why are mothers losing: A brief analysis of criteria used in child custody determinations. Women's Rights Law Reporter, 14, 175-184. (Sole custody is given to fathers in 50-63% of cases.)* 

1992 Raschke, Carl A., Painted Black: The Chilling True Story of the Wave of Violence Sweeping Through Our Hometown. (January 1, 1992). (Examines the links between Satanism and the epidemic of racism, drugs, sexual abuse, pornography, random violence, and murder in America.) 

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1992 Ryder, D. (1992). Breaking the Circle ofSatanic Ritual Abuse: Recognizing and Recovering from the Hidden Trauma. Minneapolis, Minnesota: CompCare Publishers. 

1992 Sakheim, David, & Devine, Susan (Eds) (1992). Out of Darkness: Explaining Satanism and Ritual Abuse. New York: Lexington Books.* 

1992 Saunders, D., Typology of Men Who Batter: Three Types Derived from Cluster Analysis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 62(2) 264-275 (April 1992) NCJ 139828. (A study of 165 batterers found 90% fell into three types of aggressors: 1. family-only, 2. generalized, and 3. emotionally volatile.) 

1992 Schudson, C. (1992). Antogonistic parents in family courts: False allegations or false assumptions of child sexual abuse? Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 1(2), pp. 111-113. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 144841. (Allegation of child sexual abuse, which occur in less than 2% of custody disputes, may occur out of vengeance, or because of a lack of appropriate investigation by police, social workers, and prosecutors. Most are substantiated. Children of separated and divorced parents are often more vulnerable and likely to be abused than children living with both parents and may finally disclose the abuse to the non-abusing parent. “All allegations must be evaluated in a thorough and sensitive manner to separate the few false allegations from the many true allegations.”) 

1992 Shaffer, R. E., & Cozolino, L. J. (1992). Adults who report childhood ritualistic abuse. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 20 (3), 188–193. 

1992 Shepard, M. (1992). Child-visiting and domestic abuse. Child Welfare, 77,357- 367. (60% of a sample of battered women separated from their abusers experienced ongoing threats and intimidation, often involving their children.) 

1992 Shepard, Melanie, Predicting batterer recidivism five years after community intervention, Journal of Family Violence, 167–178 (September 1992). (40% of 100 batterers were recidivists after 5 years of intervention. Men who had been abusive for a shorter duration prior to the program, who were ordered to a chemical dependency evaluation, were in chemical dependency treatment, were abused as children, and were previously convicted for non-assault crimes were more likely to be recidivists.) 

1992 Sherman, L. (1992). Policing Domestic Violence. New York: Free Press. 

1992 Sullivan, C. M., Tan, C., Basta, J., Rumptz, M., & Davidson, W. S. (1992). An advocacy intervention program for women with abusive partners: initial evaluation.. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20 (3), 309-32. (141 battered women who received short-term post-shelter advocacy reported accessing resources more effectively and having higher levels of social support and overall quality of life, although abuse continued to be a problem for many.) 

1992 Syers, M., & Edleson, J., The Combined Effects of Coordinated Criminal Justice Intervention on Woman Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 7(4) : 490-502 (December 1992)NCJ 139788. (The data 

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tends to support the use of arrest on first police visits to the home and subsequent action by the courts that includes ordering perpetrators into treatment.) 

1992 Tanner, Jerald (1992). Satanic Ritual Abuse and Mormonism. (A General Authority in the Mormon Church indicated a satanic cult within the LDS Church was sexually abusing children.) 

1992 Testa, M., Miller, B.A., Downs, W.R., & Panek, D. (1992). The moderating impact of social support following childhood sexual abuse. Violence and Victims, 7, 173-186. (475 women, some in a treatment group for alcoholism, being battered, or for mental health problems were compared with a group of a random household sample and women attending drinking driver classes. Sexually abused women had more psychological symptoms and lower self-esteem, but latency of disclosure had no impact on 

long-term consequences in either group. Women in the comparison group who received supportive reactions following disclosure had fewer psychological symptoms and somewhat higher self-esteem.) 

1992 Toth P. (1992). All child abuse allegations demand attention. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 1: 117–118. 

1992 Utah Governor’s Commission for Women and Families (1992). Report of Utah Task Force on Ritual Abuse. 

1992 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice. (1992). Questions and answers in lethal and non-lethal violence. Proceedings of the first annual workshop of the homicide research working group. NCJ 142058. 

1992 Valente, Sharon (1992). The Challenge of Ritualistic Child Abuse. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing. (Children who have been ritually abused have endured physical and psychosocial abuse typically compounded by mind-altering drugs.) 

1992 Vanderbilt, H., Incest: A Chilling Report. Lears, pages: 49-77, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Planning (February 1992) NCJ Number 151857. (Incest is described as any sexual abuse of a child by a relative or person in a position of trust and authority, not just a blood relative, and it affects the victim's relationships, mental/physical health, and sexual behavior.) 

1992 Weller, S., Mothers on Trial: How Women Who Charge Sex Abuse Lose Their Children. The Village Voice (December 1, 1992). 

1992 Westerlund, E. (1992). Women's sexuality after childhood incest. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 

1989 Widom, C.S., The cycle of violence. Science, Vol 244, Issue 4901, pp 160-166 American Association for the Advancement of Science. (April 14, 1989). (A cohort study found that being abused or neglected 

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as a child increases one’s risk for delinquency, adult criminal behavior, and violent criminal behavior. However, the majority of abused and neglected children do not become delinquent, criminal, or violent.) 

1992 Wind, T.W., & Silvern, L.E. (1992). Type and extent of child abuse as predictors of adult functioning. Journal of Family Violence, 7, 261-281. (A study of 259 working women found child abuse was associated with a variety of difficulties later in life. Incest and severe physical abuse were each associated with similar symptoms. Those who were more severely abused had worse outcomes. Those who were both physically and sexually abused had less favorable outcomes than those abused in only one manner.) 

1992 Young, W.C. (1992).Recognition and treatment of survivors reporting ritual abuse. In Sakheim, D.K., & Devine, S.E. (Eds.) Out of Darkness: Exploring Satanism and Ritual Abuse. pp. 249-278. New York, NY: Lexington. (“Addresses ritual abuse from the standpoint of those patients who report ongoing abuse since early childhood at the hands of satanic cults, not only in formalized ceremonies but also on a day-to-day basis within the family.”) 

1992 Zorza, J. (1992)."Friendly parent" provisions in custody determinations. Clearinghouse Review, 921-25. (“Friendly parent provisions create numerous problems for women and children because they encourage courts to punish parents who object to joint custody or visitation and because they tend to be invoked more often against women.) 

1992 Zorza, J., The criminal law of misdemeanor domestic violence, 1970-1990. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 83 (1), 46-72 (Spring 1992). (Domestic disturbance is the largest category of calls received by police; half of married women will be beaten at least once and many very frequently. This "is the single largest cause of injury to women in the United States." Weapons are used in 30% of all domestic violence and 31% of all women murdered are killed by their husbands, exhusbands, or lovers.) 

1993 Adams, J. (1993). Classification of Anogenital Findings in Chldren with Suspected Sexual Abuse: An Evolving Process, 6 The APSAC ADVISER 1. 

1993 Armstrong, L. (1993). And They Call It Help: The Psychiatric Policing of America's Children. Addison-Wesley. (How “problem” children and teenagers become hostages of psychiatric hospitals, drugged, isolated and held prisoner supposedly for their own good.) 

1993 Bays, J. & Chadwick, D. (1993). Medical Diagnosis of the Sexually Abused Child. 17 Child Abuse Neglect, 91. 

1993 Becker, J. & Quinsey, V. (1993). Assessing Suspected Child Molesters. Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol. 17, pp. 169-174. (“Assessment instruments and techniques that can differentiate child molesters from other persons, that are related to treatment planning, and that predict the commission of future sexual offending are the most useful.”) 

1993 Bertoia, C.E. , & Drakich, J. (1993). The fathers rights movement: Contradictions in rhetoric and practice. Journal of Family Issues, 14, 592-615. (32 members from four fathers' rights groups were interviewed. The fatherhood project of family law reform is primarily driven by fathers' personal stake in the issues and the hope of changing their current situation. The public image is of caring fathers who want equitable treatment in child custody, support, and access, but individual members did not support the concept of equality in postdivorce parenting, child care, and responsibilities.) 

1993 Brandt, Susan Jeannine, An analysis of the mental health professionals’ response to satanic ritual abuse. Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol 54(1-A), pp. 87–88 (July 1993). 

1993 Briere, J., & Conte, J. (1993). Self-reported amnesia in adults molested as children. J Trauma Stress; 6:21–31. (A study of 450 adult clinical patients reporting sexual abuse histories found that 267 subjects (59.3%) identified some period in their lives when they had no memory of their abuse. Abuse-related amnesia were greater for those with current psychological symptoms, molestation at an early age, extended abuse, violent abuse, multiple perpetrators, having been physically injured, feared death if disclosed the abuse to others. Enjoyment of abuse, acceptance of bribes, feelings of guilt or shame were not associated with abuse-related amnesia. Results support Freud's initial “seduction hypothesis,” as well as more recent theories of post-traumatic dissociation.) 

1993 Bybee, D. & Mowbray, C. (1993). An analysis of allegations of sexual abuse in a multi-victim day-care center case. Child Abuse and Neglect. 17(6): 767-783. (Statements by over 100 alleged victims in a day care case were analyzed using the Statement Validity Analysis (SVA) protocols which supported the veritability of allegations.) 

1993 Campbell, A. (1993). Men, Women and Aggression. New York: Basic Books. (Biology and in child rearing, along with beliefs about aggression affect actions.) 

1993 Chenoweth, P. R. Don't blame the messenger in child sex abuse cases. New Jersey Law Journal, p. 17 (April 19, 1993). 

1993 Czapanskiy, K. (1993). Domestic violence, the family and the lawyering process: Lessons from studies on gender bias in courts. Family Law Quarterly, 27(1). 

1993 United Nations Human Rights Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women. Office of the High Commissioner, General Assembly Resolution 48/104 (December 20, 1993). 

1993 Daly, M., Singh, L. S., & Wilson, M. (1993). Children fathered by previous partners: A risk factor for violence against women. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 84, 209-210. 

1993 Dutton, D.G., & Painter, S. (1993). The battered woman syndrome: effects of severity and intermittency of abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 614-622. (50 battered and 25 

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emotionally abused women had essential features of the syndrome. The concept of intermittency is proposed as an alternative to the cycle of violence theory as the main contributor to the syndrome.) 

1993 Dutton, D.G., & Painter, S. (1993). Emotional attachments in abusive relationships: A test of traumatic bonding theory. Violence and Victims, 8, 105-120. 

1993 Elliott, D.M., & Guy, J.D. (1993). Mental health professionals versus non-mental- health professionals: Childhood trauma and adult functioning. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 24, 83-90. (340 female mental health professionals reported higher rates of childhood physical and sexual abuse, parental alcoholism, psychiatric hospitalization of a parent, death of a family member, and greater family of origin dysfunction than 2623 women working in other professions. As adults, psychotherapists experienced less anxiety, depression, dissociation, sleep disturbance, and impairment in interpersonal relationships than did women in other professions.) 

1993 Faller, Kathleen C. (1993). Child Sexual Abuse: Intervention and Treatment Issues. Diane Publishing. p. 64. 

1993 Feldman, G.C. (1993). Lessons in Evil, Lessons from the Light: A True Story of Satanic Abuse and Spiritual Healing. New York, Crown. 

1993 Ford, D., and M.J. Regoli (1993). The Indianapolis Domestic Violence Prosecution Experiment. Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 86-IJ-CX-0012, and National Institute of Mental Health/DHHS, grant number MH-15161-13. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 157870. (When victim-initiated complaint defendants were arrested under a warrant and their victims were permitted to drop charges, women were significantly more likely to be safe from continuing violence.) 

1993 Garabedian, M.J. (1993). Relationship of child sexual, physical, and psychological abuse to eating disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder in adult women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California. 

1993 Gelb, Jerome L. (1993). Multiple personality disorder and satanic ritual abuse, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 27(4) pp. 701-8. 

1993 Gleason, W. Mental Disorders in Battered Women: An Empirical Study. Violence and Victims 8(1) (Spring 1993): 53-68, NCJ 148472. 

1993 Gonzalez, L.S., Waterman, J., Kelly, R.J., McCord, J., & Oliveri, M.K., Children's Patterns of Disclosures and Recantations of Sexual and Ritualistic Abuse Allegations in Psychotherapy. Journal Child Abuse and Neglect Volume: 17 Issue: 2 Dated: (March-April 1993) Pages: 281-289 NCJ Number 142297 Published 1993 (Most children had disclosed sexual abuse to a professional evaluator prior to beginning 

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therapy, and tended to make disclosures early in treatmen, making vague statements and waiting for a reaction before disclosing further details. Ritualistic abuse was most often the last type of abuse revealed; less intrusive acts were revealed before highly intrusive acts. Some children did recant their previous disclosures and later redisclosed. ) 

1993 Goodwin, J. (1993). Sadistic abuse: definition, recognition and treatment. Dissociation 6 (2/3): 181-187. (“The term "sadistic abuse" is proposed to designate extreme adverse experiences which include sadistic sexual and physical abuse, acts of torture, over-control, and terrorization, induction into violence, ritual involvements, and malevolent emotional abuse. Individuals with these extreme childhood histories may present with severe and multiple symptoms and a prolonged complicated treatment course. Adherence to basic principles of trauma-based treatment is recommended as is reference to relevant databases which include not only those materials concerning severe child abuse and family violence, but also literatures describing torture, the holocaust, prostitution, pornography and sex rings, cult abuse, and sadistic criminals.”) 

1993 Gough, D., Kelly, L., & Scott, S. (1993). The current literature about organized abuse of children. Child Abuse Review, 2 (4), 281–287. 

1993 Harrell, A., B. Smith, and L. Newmark. Court Processing and the Effects of Restraining Orders for Domestic Violence Victims. Washington, DC: Urban Institute (May 1, 1993). 

1993 Hazzard, A., Rogers, J.H., & Angert, L. (1993). Factors affecting group therapy outcomes for adult sexual abuse survivors. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 43, 453-468. (Survivors who completed a year-long therapy group had improved locus of control, self-esteem and symptomatology.) 

1993 Ito, Y., Teicher, M. H., Glod, C. A., Harper, E. M., et al. (1993). Increased prevalence of electrophysiological abnormalities in children with psychological, physical and sexual abuse. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 5(4), 401-8. (Physically and/or sexually abused children showed increased electrophysiological abnormalities, mostly in the left side of the frontal, temporal, or anterior brain. Psychologically abused or neglected children had only abnormalities in the left side of the temporal region.) 

1993 Judicial Council of California, Research Update: Highlights of Findings from the 1991 California Family Court Services Snapshot Study (1993). (About 65,500 court-connected mediation sessions were conducted in 1991, a 24% increase since 1988. 39% report incomes below the poverty level. Four in ten are not represented by attorneys and two out of three had concerns about child abuse, violence, and/or substance abuse. 42% reached agreements, 12% returned to court with a mediator recommendation, 8% returned to court with no recommendation, and 15% were scheduled for further procedures, such as custody evaluation. 61% had a custody agreement, 31% agreed to join legal custody with sole physical custody to one parent 16% agreed to joint physical and legal custody. 86% feel that their mediated agreements will be good for their children. 76% of parents felt satisfied with the results of their 

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mediation sessions. The use of mediator recommendations to the bench did not result in widespread client dissatisfaction.)* 

1993 Judicial Council of California, Fairness in the California State Courts: A Survey of the Public Attorneys, and Court Personnel (December 1993). (Overall, research found the general public believed there was a lack of fairness for minorities, women and non-English speakers in California courts.) 

1993 Kendall-Tackett, K.A., Williams, L. M.,& Finkelhor, D. (1993). Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children: A Review and Synthesis of Recent Empirical Studies. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 164-180. (45 studies demonstrated that sexually abused children had more symptoms than nonabused children, most 

frequently fears, posttraumatic stress disorder, behavior problems, sexualized behaviors, and poor self-esteem. Some symptoms were specific to certain ages, and approximately one third of victims had no symptoms. Penetration, the duration and frequency of the abuse, force, the relationship of the perpetrator to the child, and maternal support affected the degree of symptomatology. About two thirds of the victimized children showed recovery during the first 12-18 months.) 

1993 Kirby, J.S., Chu, J.A., & Dill, D.L. (1993). orrelates of dissociative symptomatology in patients with physical and sexual abuse histories. Compr Psychiatry; 34:250–263. (More severe, chronic, early, invasive, higher frequency abuse was associated with more dissociation.) 

1993 Hansen, M., & Harway, M. (Eds.) (1993). Battering and family therapy: A feminist perspective. pp. 175-187. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. NCJ 144250. 

1993 Liss, M. B., & Stahly, G. B. (1993). Domestic violence and child custody. In Battering and family therapy: A feminist perspective. Hansen, M., & Harway, M. (Eds.) (pp. 175-187). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 

1993 Lockwood, Craig (1993). Other Altars: Roots and Realities of Cultic and Satanic Ritual Abuse and Multiple Personality Disorder. Minneapolis, Minn., CompCAre Publishers. 

1993 Martin, S.E. (Ed.) (1993). Alcohol and Interpersonal Violence: Fostering Multidisciplinary Perspectives. NIAAA Research Monograph No. 24. NIH Publication No. 93-3496. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. pp 291-314. 

1993 McIntosh, J.A. & Prinz, R.J. (1993). The incidence of alleged sexual abuse in 603 family court cases. Law and Human Behavior, 17(1), pp. 95-101. (Only five (0.8%) of 603 cases had allegations of child sexual abuse.) 

1993 Meier, J. S. (1993). Notes from the underground: Integrating psychological and legal perspectives on domestic violence in theory and practice. Hofstra Law Review, 21, 1295-1366. 

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1993 Myers, J. E. B. (1993). Expert testimony describing psychological syndromes. Pacific Law Journal, 24, 1449–1464. 

1993 National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (1993). Model code on domestic and family violence. Reno, NV : NCJFCJ. University of Nevada, P.O. Box 8970, Reno, NV 89507. 

1993 National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse. 1993. Think you know something about child abuse? Chicago, IL: National Committee to Prevent Child Abuse. (“Neither child abuse nor domestic violence is a phenomenon of the Twentieth Century. Children have been physically traumatized, deprived of the necessities of life, and molested sexually by adults since the dawn of human history.”) 

1993 Newberger, C., Gremy, I., Waternaux, C., & Newberger, E. (1993). Mothers of Sexually Abused Children: Trauma and Repair in Longitudinal Perspective. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 63 (1), pp. 92-102, . (“All too often mothers appear to be blamed when their children are sexually abused, if not for the abuse itself, then for their responses following the abuse.”) 

1993 Neswald, D., & Gould, C. (1993). Basic treatment and program neutralization strategies for adult MPD Survivors of Satanic ritual abuse. Treating Abuse Today, 4 (3), 14-19. 

1993 Olafson, E., Corwin, D. L. & Summit, R. (1993). Modern history of child sexual abuse awareness: Cycles of discovery and suppression. Child Abuse and Neglect. 17 (1): 7–24. PMID 8435789 doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90004-o. . 

1993 Pagelow, M. D. (1993). Justice for victims of spouse abuse in divorce and child custody cases. Violence and Victims, 8(1), 69-83. ((Unequal power positions may continue after breakup, including risks of violence, rape, and homicide when victims leave. Restraining orders often fail. Fathers may get revenge by using their children as pawns. Joint custody and mandatory mediation may give abusers advantages.) 

1993 Pennington, H. J., The Hardest Case: Custody and incest. The National Center for Protective Parents, Trenton, N.J. . Presented at the Ninth National Symposium on Child Sexual Abuse, Huntsville, Alabama March 10-13, 1993. (The prosecutor or district attorney investigates and determines if there is enough evidence to prosecute. If so, the Grand Jury may agree and issue an indictment. The accused is charged and brought before the criminal court for an arraignment hearing. After a plea, the accused can be released if bail is paid. “Sometimes a condition of bail is that the accused must have no contact with the child, however if there is a custody case in progress, this is not likely.” Trial by jury can be several years from then. Vertical prosecution with one prosecutor seems to work best.) 

1993 Rodenburg, F., and Fantuzzo, J. (1993). The measure of wife abuse: Steps toward the development of a comprehensive assessment technique. Journal of Family Violence 8:203–28. 

1993 Roesler, T.A., & Dafler, C.E. (1993). Chemical dissociation in adults sexually victimized as children: Alcohol and drug use in adult survivors. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 10, 537-543. (“65.9% of 

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a clinical group of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse met … criteria for lifetime prevalence of drug or alcohol abuse or dependence. Only 4.6% of the total were still using drugs or alcohol at the time of testing. Childhood risk factors predicted those survivors who used drugs or alcohol with users coming from more chaotic home environments.”) 

1993 Schlaff, K.L. (1993). An investigation of the relationship between chronic pelvic pain in adult women and child sexual abuse utilizing the Trauma Symptom Checklist - 40. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California. (Dissertation Abstracts International Vol 53(12-A)# 4214) (June 1993). 

1993 Schmidt, J. D., & Sherman, L W., Does Arrest Deter Domestic Violence? American Behavioral Scientist Volume: 36 Issue: 5 Dated: special issue Pages: 601-609 (May/June 1993). U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ Number 141895. (A dramatic increase occurred in the arrest of domestic assault offenders since the 1981 Minneapolis domestic violence experiment, but recent studies show mixed results. Arrest appears to help white and Hispanic victims but does not deter repetitive violence among black victims. Arrest reduces violence in some cities but increases it in others; reduces domestic violence among employed people but increases it among unemployed people; and reduces domestic violence in the short run but can increase it in the long run. Arrest cures some abusers but makes others worse. Arrest eases the pain for abuse victims but increases it for those with unemployed partners. Policy recommendations: substitute structured police discretion for mandatory arrest; allow warrantless arrests, encourage the issuance of arrest warrants for absent offenders; have special police units focused on chronic violence.) 

1993 Scott, S. (1993). Beyond belief? Beyond help? Report on a helpline advertised after a transmission of a channel 4 film on ritual abuse. Child Abuse Review, 2 (4), 243–250. (A summary of 191 calls to a national helpline, half for ritual abuse, including 39% current victims or survivors of ritual abuse.) 

1993 Smith, M. (1993). Ritual abuse: What it is, why it happens, how to help. San Francisco, CA: Harper San Francisco. 

1993 Stanley, J., & Goddard, C. (1993). The association between child abuse and other family violence. Australian Social Work, 46, 3-8. (A study of 20 child abusive families found that each family was involved in at least one other violent activity, as well as (with only one exception) more than one type of child abuse. The violence was directed by adults and children towards self, adults, children, the community.) 

1993 Survivorship (1993). Geographical Locations of Abuse.. (506 questionnaires were returned by members; 919 locations were reported.) 

1993 Taylor, Kate, Not Guilty Plea in Child Concealment Case. SF Chronicle (September 30, 1994). (Paula Oldham fled with her child to protect her from molest and was found 18 months later in France.) 

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1993 Teicher, M. H., Glod, C. A., Surrey, J., & Swett, C. (1993). Early childhood abuse and limbic system ratings in adult psychiatric outpatients. . Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 5(3), 301-6. (Physical or sexual abuse alone was associated with elevated scores, but only if the abuse occurred before age 18 years, and combined abuse with a 113% increase.) 

1993 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice (1993). Questions and answers in lethal and non-lethal violence: Proceedings of the second annual workshop of the homicide research working group. NCJ 147480. 

1993 Waterman, J., Kelly, R. J., Olivieri, M. K., & McCord, J. (1993). Beyond the playground walls: Sexual abuse in preschool. New York: Guilford Press, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 142529. 

1993 Widom, Cathy Spatz & Hiller-Sturmhöfel, Susanne, Alcohol Abuse as a Risk Factor for and Consequences of Child Abuse. 

1993 Young, W. C. (1993). Sadistic ritual abuse. An overview in detection and management. Primary Care, 20(2), 447-58. 

1993 Youngson, Sheila C., Ritual abuse: Consequences for professionals. Child Abuse Review. (December 1993). (A survey of 71 members of a national support group of workers in the field of ritual abuse found that the work frequently gives rise to negative changes in behaviour and health among workers; the work resulted in professional isolation and intimidation.) 

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1994 Adams, J. MD, et al., Examination Findings in Legally Confirmed Child Sexual Abuse: It's Normal to be Normal. , Pediatrics, Vol. 94, No 3 (September 1994). (Children ages 8 months to 17 years (mean age 9) who reported penile-genital contact showed that 28% of girls’ genital examination findings were normal, 49% were non-specific, 9% were suspicious and 14% were abnormal (more when there was blood at the incident and amount of time from incident). Only 1% had abnormal anal findings).* 

1994 American Psychological Association. (1994). Guidelines for child custody evaluations in divorce proceedings. American Psychologist, 49 677–680. (Updated.) 

1994 Armstrong, Louise (1994). Rocking the Cradle of Sexual Politics: What Happens When Women Said Incest. Addision-Wesley Longman. 

1994 Bagley, C., Wood, M., & Young, L. (1994). Victim to abuser: Mental health and behavioral sequels of child sexual abuse in a community survey of young adult males. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, 683-697. (117 of 750 males aged 18 to 27 (15.6%) recalled unwanted sexual contact in childhood. 52 (6.9%) recalled multiple events and had statistically significant levels of emotional abuse, higher rates of depression, anxiety, suicidal feelings and behavior, and current sexual interest in or actual behavior 

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involving minors. The combination of emotional abuse and multiple events of sexual abuse was a relatively good predictor of both poor mental health and later sexual interest in children.) 

1994 Bass, A., Nealon, O., & Armstrong, C., The War on Domestic Abuse. Boston Globe (September 25, 1994). 

1994 Becker, Ingrid, Mother Guilty in Abduction: Woman claimed she fled to protect her child, Marin Independent Journal (June 18, 1994) (Paula Oldham was convicted of kidnapping her abused child.) 

1994 Bielski, Vince, Hide and Seek: Is former bank V.P. Paula Oldham a dngerous hysteric who kidnapped her own daughter, or a heroine in the struggle of women to protect their kids from sexual abuse? SF Weekly (April 6, 1994) 

1994 Belknap, J., & McCall, K.D. (1994). Woman battering and police referrals. Journal of Criminal Justice 22 (3), 223-236. 

1994 Blood, Linda (1994). The New Satanists: A former cult member rips the veil of secrecy off the most frightening criminal phenomenon of our time. (August 1, 1994) (A chilling expose of the growing world of Satanism by a former cult member, child abuse, drug dealing, pornography, right-wing fanaticism, prostitution and murder.) 

1994 Briere, J. & Elliott (1994). Immediate and long-term impacts of child sexual abuse.Future of Children, 4(2), pp.54-69. 

1994 Brown, D. (1994). Satanic ritual abuse: A therapist's handbook. Denver, CO: Blue Moon Press. 

1994 Chesler, P. (1994). The men's auxiliary: Protecting the rule of the fathers. In Patriarchy: Notes of an expert witness (pp. 47-54). Monroe, ME: Common Courage. 

1994 Conte, J. R. (1994). Child sexual abuse: Awareness and backlash. The Future of Children: Sexual Abuse of Children, 4(2). 

1994 Costello, Matthew J. (1994). See How She Runs: She wanted to protect her children from the one man who could hurt them the most - their father. 

1994 Davidson, H. (1994). The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children. A report to the President of the American Bar Association. Washington, D.C.: ABA Center on Children and the Law. (Recommended that a history of domestic violence be made a presumption against awarding custody to the abuser and that visitation be supervised.) 

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1994 DeBellis, M. D., Lefter, L., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (1994). Urinary catecholamine excretion in sexually abused girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33 (3), 320-27. (Abused girls excreted significantly greater amounts of stress-related hormones.) 

1994 DeBellis, M. D., Chrousos, G. P., Dorn, L. D., Burke, L., Helmers, K., Kling, M. A., Trickett, P. K., & Putnam, F. W. (1994). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in sexually abused girls. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 78(2), 249-55. (“Sexually abused girls showed significantly lower basal ACTH levels and significantly reduced total ACTH responses” which suggests a dysregulatory disorder of the HPA axis (which is central to homeostasis, stress response, energy metabolism and neuropsychiatric function. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29719288/.) 

1994 deMause, Lloyd, Cult Abuse of Children: Witch Hunt or Reality? Journal of Psychohistory, Vol. 21, No 4 (Spring 1994). 

1994 Dunn, G.E., Ryan, J.J., & Dunn, C.E. (1994). Trauma symptoms in substance abusers with and without histories of childhood abuse. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 26, 357-360. 

1994 Dutton, D.G., Saunders, K., Starzomski, A., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Intimacy-anger and insecure attachment as precursors of abuse in intimate relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1367-1386. (120 men referred for treatment for wife assault showed a profile of anger, jealousy, Borderline Personality, trauma symptoms, and fearful/angry attachment.) 

1994 Elliott, D. M., & Briere, J. (1994). Forensic sexual abuse evaluations of older children: Disclosures and symptomology. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 12(3), 261–277. 

1994 Elliott, D.M. (1994). The impact of Christian faith on the prevalence and sequelae of sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9, 95-108. (“...the severity of adult symptomatology was mediated by both the religious practices of the adult survivor and by whether or not the abuse occurred within the nuclear family.”) 

1994 Faller, K.C., Ritual Abuse: A Review of the Research. The American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children Advisor. 7(1) pp. 1, 19–27 (Spring 1994). 

1994 Feldman-Summers, S., & Pope, K. S. (1994). The experience of "forgetting" childhood abuse: A national survey of psychologists. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 636-39. (23.9% of surveyed psychologists reported childhood abuse. About 40% of those reported a period of forgetting both sexual and non-sexual abuse and half who forgot reported corroboration of the abuse.) 

1994 Fine, M. A., & Fine, D. R. (1994). An examination and evaluation of recent changes in divorce laws in five western countries: A critical role of values. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 249-263. 

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1994 Finkelhor, D. (1994). Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. Future of Children, 4(2), 31-53. (In 1993, approximately 150,000 cases of child sexual abuse were confirmed, 15% of all confirmed cases of child abuse and neglect. However, evidence shows that 20% of American women and 5-10% of American men experienced some form of child sexual abuse, 90% by men, 70-90% by persons known to the child, and by family members for 30-50% of girls and 10-20% of boys. Children who experienced parental inadequacy, unavailability, conflict, harsh punishment, and emotional deprivation were at elevated risk. Around 20-25% of cases involve penetration or oral-genital contact. Children are most vulnerable between ages 7 and 13. Slightly fewer child sexual abuse offenders are prosecuted, but of those prosecuted, slightly more are convicted, although 32-46% serve no jail time and relatively few receive sentences longer than one year.) 

1994 Follette, V.M., Polusny, M.M., & Milbeck, K. (1994). Mental health and law enforcement professionals: trauma history, psychological symptoms and impact of providing services to child sexual abuse survivors. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 275-282. (29.8% of therapists and 19.6% of law enforcement reported some type of childhood trauma.) 

1994 Garrity, C., Ph.D. (1994). Custody & Visitation: Is It Safe? Family Advocate. 

1994 Gold, S. N, Hughes, D., & Hohnecker, L. (1994). Degree of repression of sexual abuse memories. American Psychologist, 49, 441-442. 

1994 Gold, S.R., Milan, L.D., Mayall, A., & Johnson, A.E. (1994). A cross-validation study of the Trauma Symptom Checklist: The role of mediating variables. Journal of interpersonal Violence, 9, 12-26. 

1994 Goodman, G.S., Qin, J., Bottoms, B.L., & Shaver (1994). Characteristics and sources of allegations of ritualistic child abuse. Final report to the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, NCJ Number 154415 (31% of professionals from the American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, and National Association of Social Workers had seen at least one case of ritual/ religious abuse, and overwhelmingly believed the abuse and ritual/religious elements. 23% of district attorneys, law enforcement offices and social service workers identified at least one case of ritual or religion related abuse, with the rate of ritual case convictions almost as high as religion-related case convictions. Cases with repressed memory were more likely to be ritual cases, children showed little knowledge of satanic child abuse, and nearly all clergy abuse case had allegations of sexual abuse.) 

1994 Gould, C. & Graham-Costain, V. (1994). Play therapy with ritually abused children. Treating Abuse Today, 4(2), 4-1; 4(3), 14-19. 

1994 Higgins, D.J., & McCabe-M.P. (1994). The relationship of child sexual abuse and family violence to adult adjustment: Toward an integrated risk-sequelae model. Journal of Sex Research, 31, 255-266. (Of 199 female psychology students, 23% reported childhood sexual abuse that could be predictid by the level of family violence, father's traditional family values and parental sexual punitiveness.) 

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1994 Holtzworth-Munroe, A., and G. Stuart, Typologies of Male Batterers: Three Subtypes and the Differences Among Them. Psychological Bulletin 116(3) : 476-497 (November 1994). (Severity of marital violence, generality of the violence toward the wife or others, and psychopathology/personality disorders consistently distinguish subtypes of batterers. “These dimensions are used to propose a typology consisting of 3 subtypes of batterers: (family only, dysphoric/borderline, and generally violent/antisocial.”) 

1994 Hudson, P. (1994). The clinician’s experience. In Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse. V. Sinason (Ed.) pp. 71–81. London: Routledge. 

1994 Ireland, S.J. & Ireland, M..J. (1994). A case history of family and cult abuse. The Journal of Psychohistory, 21(4), 417-428. 

1994 Jackson, H., & Nuttall, R. (1994). Effects of gender, age, and history of abuse on social workers' judgments of sexual abuse allegations. Social Work Research, 18(2), 105-113. (A study of 172 social workers found that 21% of female and 22% of male workers reported child sexual abuse. 8% of both reported physical abuse, which was stongly associated with sexual abuse. Female social workers, those with a history of abuse and younger workers were more likely to believe allegations of sexual abuse in a vignette. Workers in inpatient settings were less likely to believe allegations of sexual abuse.) 

1994 Jacobsen T, Edelstein W, Hofmann V.. (1994). A longitudinal study of the relation between representations of attachment in childhood and cognitive functioning in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology.;30:112–124. 

1994 Johnson, I. M., Sigler, R. T., & Crowley, J. E. (1994). Domestic violence: A comparative study of perception and attitudes toward domestic abuse cases among social service and criminal justice professionals. Journal of Criminal Justice 22 (3), 237-248. 

1994 Johnston, J. R. (1994). High-conflict divorce. Future of Children, 4, 165-182. (20% of cases had intervention by lawyers, court-related personnel (mediators and evaluators) and judges. In the majority of cases, commonly referred to as "high-conflict," domestic violence is a significant issue.) 

1994 Judicial Council of California, California Family Court Services Snapshot Study Report 4 California Family Court Services Mediation 1991: Mediated Agreements on Child Custody and Visitation. (May 1994). (A study of 82% of mediations statewide found that about one in five parents had a college degree, three-quarters were employed and the average monthly income for employed parents was $1,680. About one in three are from an ethnic minority, and about six in ten are represented by attorneys. 50% had just one child, median age of 7. Prior to mediation, most children spent some time with each parent. Nearly half report that the level of tension and disagreements between parents was moderate or low. 48% said their conflict was high. 55% reached agreement: one in four specified physical custody to the mother and joint legal custody, while 15% agreed to joint physical and legal custody. Sole physical and legal custody to either parent was rare. One in three agreed on mother residence, defined 

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as 21-28 overnights and 16% agreed to a time-sharing arrangement, defined as 8-20 overnights in a four-week period. Characteristics of fathers tended to have a greater bearing on the mediated outcome. The strongest determinant of mediated outcomes appears to be whether the family had some experience dividing parental time and responsibilities prior to mediation.) 

1994 Judicial Council of California, California Family Court Services Mediation 1991 Visitation with Children: A Followup of Court Mediation Clients. (November 1994). (A two year followup of 1,069 families found that at Time 2, 58% of children lived with their mothers, but an unprecedented 39% were allocating substantial time to fathers. 44% of children lived primarily with one parent with no overnight visits with the other, while 21% spent substantial time with each parent. Only 4% of families had 50/50 time share. 46% of families describe problems sticking to their visitation schedules and 64% made informal adjustments. 73% of families that established mother residence prior to legal custody determination maintained the same arrangement at Time 2. Mother residence was most common for infants (74%) and girls (65%). Mother residence declined among families in which fathers had a college degree (49%); were employed (54%); or earning relatively high incomes (51%). Mother residence occurred in 69% of families with mothers born outside the U.S., 61% when mothers belonged to an ethnic minority and 63% when fathers were born outside the U.S. or belonged to an ethnic minority.) 

1994 Keary, K. & Fitzpatrick, C. (1994).Children's Disclosure of Sexual Abuse During Formal Investigation. Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol. 18, No. 7. 7, pp. 543-548. (In a study of 251 abused children, previous disclosures of child sexual abuse was strongly correlated with disclosure in a formal investigations; no previous disclosure was also correlated with not disclosing in formal investigation.) 

1994 Keilitz, S. (1994). Civil protection orders: A viable justice system tool for deterring domestic violence. Violence and Victims 9 (1), 79-84. (Civil protection orders can be effective with screening, specific and comprehensive orders, low cost service, stringent enforcement by law enforcement and the court.) 

1994 La Fontaine, J. S. (1994). The extent and nature of organized and ritual abuse: Research findings. London: HMSO. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 157278. 

1994 Leavitt, F. (1994). Clinical correlates of alleged satanic abuse nad less controversial sexual molestation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 387–392. (A study of women reporting a history of sexual abuse starting prior to the age of 12, involving penetration and lasting for a period of at least 12 months showed high levels of psychiatric pathology. “Patients alleging satanic ritual abuse reported higher levels of dissociation, in the range often exhibited by patients with multiple personality disorders.”) 

1994 Mahoney, M. R. (1994). Victimization or oppression? Women’s lives, violence, and agency. The public nature of private violence: The discovery of domestic abuse. 

1994 Mason, Mary Ann (1994). From Father's Property to Children's Rights: The History of Child Custody in the United States. Columbia University Press. 

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1994 Maynes, L.C., & Feinauer, L.L. (1994). Acute and chronic dissociation and somatized anxiety as related to childhood sexual abuse. American Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 165-175. (A study of 226 child sexual abuse victims found that abuse severity was positively correlated with acute and chronic dissociation and somatized anxiety.) 

1994 Minnesota Supreme Court (1994). Report of the Minnesota Supreme Court Task Force on Gender Fairness in the Courts. Reprinted: 15 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 829. (Domestic violence was stated as a priority issue.) 

1994 Myers, J. E. (1994). The backlash: Child protection under fire. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 

1994 National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (1994). Family violence: A model state code. Reno, NV: NCJFCJ. (The Model State Code on Domestic and Family Violence provides effective and innovative answers to the concerns of public officials and community leaders. This Code will help protect victims in a fair, prompt and comprehensive fashion. It will help prevent future violence.)* 

1994 Nuttall, R., & Jackson, H. (1994). Personal history of childhood abuse among clinicians. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18(5), 455-472. 

1994 O’Brien, M., John, R. S., Margalin,.G., & Erel, 0. (1994). Reliable diagnostic efficacy of parents' reports regarding children's exposure to marital aggression. Violence and Victims, 9, 45-62. 

1994 Ogawa, Chrystine (1994). Safe Passage to Healing: A Guide for Survivors of Ritual Abuse. Harper Perennial, NY (Republished in 2001.) 

1994 Olafson, E., Ph.D. (1994). Child Sexual Abuse in the Context of Marital Separtion and Divorce: Are Allegations False? 

1994 Pearson, J., & Anhalt, J. (1994). Enforcing visitation rights: Innovative programs in five state courts may provide answers to this difficult problem. Judges Journal, 33(2), 39-42. 

1994 Perry, B. D. (1994). Neurobiological Sequelae of Childhood Trauma: Post traumatic Stress Disorders in Children. In Catecholamine Function in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: Emerging Concepts. Murburg, M. (Ed.) American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, 253-276. 

1994 Quindlen, Anna, The Good Mother. New York Times (December 10, 1994). 

1994 Reiniger, A., et al. (1994). Court-ordered supervised visitation: Documenting an unmet need. The Association of the Bar of the City of New York. 

1994 Roesler, T.A. (1994). Reactions to disclosure of childhood sexual abuse: The effects on adult symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, pp. 618-624. (66 of 188 victims of child sexual abuse who told in childhood had worse reactions to the disclosure than the 112 who waited until 

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adulthood. Those who had bad reactions from the first person they told had worse trauma symptoms, PTSD and dissociation.) 

1994 Roesler, T. A. MD & Wind, T.A. (1994). Telling the secret: Adult women describe their disclosure of incest. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9, pp. 327-338. (Women who reported incest to their parents first in childhood received a worse reaction than those who waited until adulthood. They were met with disbelief or blame rather than support, validation and protection; the incest continued for more than a year in 51.9% of the cases.) 

1994 Roesler, T.A., & McKenzie, N. (1994). Effects of childhood trauma on psychological functioning in adults sexually abused as children. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 145-150. (A study of 188 sexually abused individuals showed that child sexual trauma contributed significantly to depression, low self-esteem, trauma symptoms, sexual dysfunction, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and dissociation, mostly dissociation (20.5%). The use of force was the most significant variable. Non-sexual trauma also correlated with increased symptoms. Men scored significantly worse on sexual dysfunction.) 

1994 Rosler, A. (1994). Long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse on the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 78(2), 247-8. 

1994 Ryder, Daniel (1994). Cover-up of the Century: Satanic Ritual Crime and Conspiracy. Carmel, CA: Ryder Publishing. 

1994 Saunders, D. (1994). Child Custody Decisions in Families Experiencing Woman Abuse. National Association of Social Workers, Inc. (Men who batterer pose a much greater risk for abusing their children than do battered women.) 

1994 Schechter, S., & Edleson, J. L. (1994). In the Best Interest of Women and Children: A Call for Collaboration Between Child Welfare and Domestic Violence Constituencies. (Advocates for domestic violence victims and advocates for children share common ground, but there has been more tension than collaboration between the two groups.) 

1994 Schwarz, E., & Perry, B. D. (1994). The post-traumatic response in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(2), 311-326. 

1994 Siegel, Reva B. (1994). Home as Work: The first woman's rights claims concerning wives' household labor, 1859-1880. 103 Yale L.J. 1073, 1084–85. (The doctrine of “marital service” gave husbands ongoing rights in their wives’ labor beyond the passage of married women’s property acts and earnings statutes). 

1994 Sinason, Valerie (Ed.) (1994). Treating Survivors of Satanist Abuse. London: Routledge 

1994 Spaccarelli, S., Sandler, I.N., and Roosa, M. (1994).History of spouse violence against mother Correlated risks and unique effects in child mental health. Journal of Family Violence 9:79–98. (30% of 

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303 inner city children aged 10-12 years had mothers who were victims of spousal violence, which was associated with divorce, parental drinking problems and father incarceration.) 

1994 Summit, R., The Dark Tunnels of McMartin. , Journal of Psychohistory 21 (4) (Spring 1994). 

1994 Tamarkin, Civia (1994). Investigative issues in Ritual Abuse Cases, Parts l and ll. Treating Abuse Today, Volume 4, Number 4 and 5. 

1994 Trocme, M., McPhee, D., Tam, K. K., & Hay, T. (1994). Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect. Toronto: Institute for the Prevention of Child Abuse. (The first Canada-wide study of child welfare investigators from 51 service areas covering 7,672 child maltreatment reports.) 

1994 Watson, D. (1994). (CA State Senator) Summary of Current Custody Literature. 

1994 Williams, L.M. (1994). Recall of childhood trauma: A prospective study of women's memories of child sexual abuse. J Consult Clin Psychol 1994; 62:1167–1176. (38% of 129 women with previously documented histories of sexual victimization in childhood did not recall the abuse reported 17 years earlier. “Women who were younger at the time of the abuse and those molested by someone they knew were more likely to have no recall of the abuse. Long periods with no memory of abuse should not be regarded as evidence that the abuse did not occur.”) 

1994 Woffordt, S., Mihalic, D. E., & Menard, S. (1994). Continuities in marital violence. Journal of Family Violence, 9(3), 195–226. (Studies of clinical populations of battered women show that violence becomes an habitual strategy for resolving conflicts and escalates in frequency and severity; however, among the general population, about one-half of all marital violence is suspended over a three-year period.) 

1994 Wood, C. L. (1994). The parental alienation syndrome: A dangerous aura of reliability. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 27, 1367- 1415. 

1994 Zarb, H. (1994). Allegations of childhood sexual abuse in custody and access disputes: What care is in the best interests of the child? Canadian Journal of Family Law, 12, 94-114. 

1994 Zorza, J. (1994). Using the Law to Protect Battered Women and Their Children. Clearinghouse Review, 27(12). (Men were assaulted by their wives in only 4% of domestic violence incidents.) 

1995 Adjudicating Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse When Custody is in Dispute: A Model Judicial Curriculum (1995). ABA Center on Children and the Law. 

1995 Andrews, B., Morton, J., Bekerian, D. A., Brewin, C. R., Davies, G. M., & Mollon, P. (1995). The recovery of memories in clinical practice. The Psychologist, 8, 209-214. (15% of 810 British Psychological 

Society practitioners had worked with clients reporting satanic ritual abuse and 80% believed the allegations.). 

1995 Bachman, R., and Saltzman, L.E. VViolence against women: Estimates from the redesigned survey. Report no. NCJ-154348. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 

1995 Becker, M. E. (1995). Double binds facing mothers in abusive families: Social support systems, custody outcomes, and liability for acts of others. (Roundtable). University of Chicago Law School, 2, 13, 28-29. 

1995 Belknap, J. (1995). Law enforcement officers' attitudes about the appropriate responses to women battering. International Review of Victimology 4, 47-62. (A study of 324 law enforcement officers' showed they far more often supported mediation rather than arrest, and viewed women claiming to have been battered as non-credible and unworthy of police time.) 

1995 Bingley, U.K., Block, C. R., & Christakos, A. (1995). Intimate partner homicide in Chicago over 29 years. Crime & Delinquency, 41(4), 496-526, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 

1995 Blum, N.J., Williams, G.E., & Friman, P.C. Disciplining young children: The role of verbal instructions and reasoning. Pediatrics 96:336–

1995 Bourke, D. (1995). Reconstructing the patriarchal nuclear family: Recent developments in child custody and access in Canada. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 10(1), 1-24. (Courts generally determine that it is in the "best interests of the child" for the ex-partner to be awarded access, regardless of the quality or regularity of parenting.) 

1995 Briere, J., Elliott, D., Harris, K., & Cotman, A. (1995). Trauma Symptom Inventory, Psychometrics and Association with Childhood and Adult Victimization in Clinical Samples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 10, No. 4. 

1995 Brogna, S. (1995). Notes from the Underground: A Dialogue Among Attorneys Who Have Been There. 

1995 Campbell, J. (Ed.) (1995). Assessing dangerousness: Violence by sexual offenders, batterers and child abusers. Vol. 8 of Interpersonal violence: The practice (pp. 68-95). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 152110. (Discusses prediction of child abuse using the Child Abuse Potential Inventory and on the prediction of homicide in spouse abuse, violence by sex offenders, and further assault by batterers using clinically based prediction models and factors such as history of violence, mental illness, substance abuse, demographics of dangerousness.) 

1995 Cherlin, A. J., Kiernan, K. E., & Chase-Lansdale, P. L. (1995). Parental divorce in childhood and demographic outcomes in young adulthood. Demography, 32, 299–318. (Young adults from divorced parents were more likely to have a child without marriage than those whose parents did not divorce. Both groups were just as likely to marry and have children in a marriage.) 

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1995 Chrestman, K.R. (1995). Secondary exposure to trauma and self-reported distress among therapists. In Secondary traumatic stress: self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators, B.H. Stamm (Ed.). (pp. 29-36). Lutherville, Maryland: Sidran Press. 

1995 Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. (1995). A developmental psychopathology perspective on child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34:541–65. 

1995 Cohen, R. (1995). Probation and Parole Violators in State Prison, 1991. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, August 1995, NCJ 149076. 

1995 Corwin, D. L. (1995). Child sexual abuse assessment and professional ethics: Commentary on controversies, limits and when to just say no. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 4 (4): 115–122. doi:10.1300/j070v04n04_07 

1995 Coulborn-Faller, K.; Corwin, D. L. (1995). Children's interview statement and behaviors: Role in identifying sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect. 19 (1): 71–82. 

doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)00104-3. 

1995 Crenshaw, Kimberle Williams (1995). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence Against Women of Color. , in Critical Race Theory. 364–67 (The New Press 1995) Policies that keep women from being able to access certain services.) 

1995 Denaro, S. L. (1995). District of Columbia domestic violence plan. Report drafted for the District of Columbia Domestic Violence Coordinating Council. Washington, DC: Superior Court of the District of Columbia. 

1995 Davis, R., & Smith, B., Domestic Violence Reforms: Empty Promises or Fulfilled Expectations? Crime and Delinquency 41(4) (October 1995): 541-552, NCJ 157478. 

1995 Dougan, Michael, Mother Gets 2 Years in Prison. , SFGate (May 17, 1995) (Paula Oldham sentenced.) 

1995 Drotar, D., Stein, R., & Perrin, E. (1995). Methodological issues in using the Child Behavior Checklist and its related instruments in clinical child psychology research. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 24:184–92. 

1995 Dutton, D.G. (1995). Trauma symptoms and PTSD-like profiles in perpetrators of intimate violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 299-316. 

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1995 Elliott, D. M., & Briere, J. (1995). Posttraumatic stress associated with delayed recall of sexual abuse: A general population study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(4), 629-47. (42% of sexual abuse survivors described some period of time when they had less memory of the abuse than they did at the time of data collection. Delayed recall was associated with the use of threats at the time of the abuse. Subjects who had recently recalled aspects of their abuse reported particularly high levels of posttraumatic symptomatology and self difficulties.) 

1995 Emery, R.E., & Coiro, M.J. (1995). Divorce: Consequences for children. Pediatr Review. 16:306–10. 

1995 Falconer, R., Clinton, R.L., Geffner, R., et al (Eds.). (1995). Trauma, amnesia and the denial of abuse. Family Violence & Sexual Assault Institute. 

1995 Faller, K.C. & DeVoe, E. (1995). Allegations of Sexual Abuse in Divorce. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, Vol. 4(4), pp. 1-25. (In 214 cases of child sexual abuse allegations in families involved in a divorce, 72.6% were determined likely and 20% unlikely by a multidisciplinary team. Only 10 cases (4.7%) were determined maliciously fabricated and four out of those 10 were brought by one father against various persons. 40 parents (20%) who were sanctioned, jailed, lost custody or visits, ordered not to report or take child for help, had medical evidence of their children’s abuse and clinicians determined that the children were more likely to have been sexually abused. in 18% of these cases where CSA was likely or uncertain, divorce followed discovery of sexual abuse, in 32% cases discovery of sexual abuse followed divorce, in 34% of cases sexual abuse followed divorce, and 16% of allegations were found to be unrelated to divorce. Of the 20% of cases that were judged to be false or possibly false cases, only 10 cases were determined to have been consciously made while the rest were considered misinterpretations. 40 concerned parents raising allegations of sexul abuse experienced negative sanctions, including being jailed; losing custody to the alleged offender, a relative, or foster care; limitation or loss of visitation; admonitions not to report alleged abuse again to the court, Protective Services or the police; and prohibitions against taking the child to a physician or therapist because of concerns about sexual abuse in the future. Cases where the parent was anctioned tended to score higher on a composite scale of likelihood of sexual abuse, and were more likely to have medical evidence than cases without sanctions. None of the parents experiencing these sanctions were ones who were judged to have made calculated false allegations.) 

1995 Fischer, K. & Rose, M. (1995). When enough is enough: Battered women's decision-making around court orders of protection. Crime & Delinquency 41(4), 414-429. 

1995 Gaensbauer T. J. (1995). Trauma in the preverbal period: Symptoms, memories and developmental impact. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 50 , 122-49. (Children who experienced traumas during the preverbal period, relatively circumscribed and predominantly physical, may remember a traumatic experience as early as 7 months of age and is not dependent on language fluency.) 

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1995 Gerencser, A. (1995). Family Mediation: Screening for domestic violence. Florida State University Law Review. (It is important to screen for domestic violence before referring any divorce case for mediation, and give exemptions from mediation if abuse makes mediation inappropriate.) 

1995 Gould, Catherine (1995). Denying Ritual Abuse of Children. The Journal of Psychohistory 22 (3). 

1995 Greenfeld, L., & M. Zawitz (1995). Weapons Offenses and Offenders. Bureau of Justice Statistics Selected Findings. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 1995, NCJ 155284. 

1995 Hart, Barbara (1995). Custody and visitation decision-making when there are allegations of domestic violence. 

1995 Hart, Barbara, Coordinated Community Approaches to Domestic Violence. Presentation at the Strategic Planning Workshop on Violence Against Women, National Inst. of Justice, Washington, D.C. (Mar. 31, 1995). 

1995 Hart, J., Gunnar, M. & Cicchetti, D. (1995). Salivary cortisol in maltreated children: Evidence of relations between neuroendocrine activity and social comentence. Development and Psychopathology , 7, 11-26. 

1995 Huffer, Karin (1995). Overcoming the Devastation of Legal Abuse Syndrome. 

1995 Hyman, A., Schiller, D., & Lo, B. (1995). Laws mandating reporting of domestic violence. Journal of the American Medical Association 22:1781–87. 

1995 Jaffe, P. G., & Austin, G., The Impact of Witnessing Violence on Children in Custody and Visitation Disputes. Paper presented at the Fourth International Family Violence Research Conference, Durham NH (July 1995) (Domestic violence was raised in 75% of cases referred for custody evaluations.)* 

1995 Johnson, M. P. (1995). Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence: Two forms of violence against women. Journal of Marriage and the Family 57, 283-294. 

1995 Juhasz, Susan (1995). Coping skills of ritual abuse survivors: An exploratory study. Smith College Studies in Social Work 65(3) pp. 255-267. 

1995 Kellogg, N. D., & Huston, R. L. (1995). Unwanted sexual experiences in adolescents: Pattern of disclosure. Clinical Pediatrics, 34(6), 306-312. 

1995 Lawrence, Kathy J., Cozolino, Louis, & Foy, David W., Psychological sequelae in adult females reporting childhood ritualistic abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, Vol 19, Issue 8, pages 975-984 (August 1995). (Adult female outpatients with childhood sexual abuse with ritualistic features scored 

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significantly higher on measures of childhood sexual and physical abuse than those without ritualism, but no different in PTSD diagnostic status, severity for PTSD, nor dissociative experiences.) 

1995 Lemieux, A. M., & Coe, C. I. (1995). Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence for chronic neuroendocrine activation in women. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57(1), 105-15. (The abuse-related PTSD group had significantly elevated daily levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and cortisol.) 

1995 Lemon, N., Jaffe, P. & Ganley, A. (1995). Domestic Violence and Children: Resolving Custody and Visitation Disputes. San Francisco, CA: Family Violence Prevention Fund. 

1995 Lieberman Research Inc., Domestic violence advertising campaign tracking survey , Wave 3, San Francisco, CA: Family Violence Prevention Fund and The Advertising Council. (November 1995). (Increased public awareness about domestic violence, along with a more understanding attitude toward victims, has encouraged women to come forward.) 

1995 Lopatto, A. D., & Neely, J. C. (1995). Lawyer's Manual on Domestic Violence: Representing the Victim. Supreme Court of the State of New York Appellate Division, First Department Francis T. Murphy, Presiding Justice. (Updated 2005, 2015.) 

1995 Maddock, J., & Larson, N. (1995). Incestuous Families: An Ecological Approach to Understanding and Treatment. New York: WW Norton & Company. 

1995 Martin-Morris, D., The worst that could happen. McCall's, p. 70 (March 1995). 

1995 McCloskey, L.A., Figueredo, A.J., & Koss, M. (1995). The effect of systemic family violence on children's mental health. Child Development, 66, 1239-1261. 

1995 Mendel, M.P. (1995). The Male Survivor: The impact of sexual abuse. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 

1995 Milchman, M. S. (1995). Child sexual abuse assessment: Issues in professional ethics. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 4 (4): 95–113. doi:10.1300/j070v04n04_06. 

1995 Myers, J. E. (1995). New era of skepticism regarding children's credibility. Psychology, Public Policy and Law. 

1995 National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges. (1995). Custody and visitation decision-making when there are allegations of domestic violence.. Reno, NV : NCJFCJ University of Nevada, P.O. Box 8970, Reno, NV89507.* 

1995 National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ). (1995a). Family violence in child custody statutes: An analysis of state codes and legal practice. Family Law Quarterly, 29, 197-228. 

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1995 Noblitt, J.R., & Perskin, P. (1995). Cult and Ritual Abuse: Its History, Anthropology and Recent Discovery in Contemporary America. Westport, Conn: Praeger. (Republished 2000.) 

1995 Noblitt, J. R. (1995). Psychometric measures of trauma among psychiatric patients reporting ritual abuse. Psychological Reports, 77, 743–747. 

1995 O’Brien, Cathy with Phillips, Mark (1995). Transformation of America: The True Life Story of a CIA Mind-Controlled Slave. Reality Marketing Inc. 

1995 Penfold, P. S. (1995). Mendacious moms or devious dads? Some perplexing issues in child custody/sexual abuse allegation disputes. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 40(6), 337-341. (Research shows false allegations are rare, yet courts tend to disbelieve child abuse allegations. ) 

1995 Pennington, J. (1995). The Politics of Incest, unpublished paper. 

1995 Perry, B.D., Pollard, R.A., Blakley, T.L., Baker, W.L., & Vigilante, D. (1995). Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation and use-dependent development of the brain: How states become traits. Infant Mental Health Journal, 16, 271-291. 

1995 Ross, Colin (1995). Satanic Ritual Abuse: Principles of Treatment. U. S. Office of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ Number 160312, University of Toronto Press. 

1995 Rotondo, S. (1995). Who's Protecting Whom? The Criminalization of Protective Parents. Pace Review. Off Our Backs Vol. 25, No. 7. 

1995 Sas, L. D., & Cunningham, A. H. (1995). Tipping the balance to tell the secret: The public discovery of child sexual abuse. London, Ontario, Canada: London Family Court Clinic. 

1995 Saunders, D. G. (1995). Prediction of wife assault. In Assessing dangerousness: Violence by sexual offenders, batterers, and child abusers. Campbell, J. (Ed.) Vol. 8 of Interpersonal violence: The practice (pp. 68-95). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 

1995 Silvern, L., Karyl, J., Waelde, L., Hodges, W.F., Starek, J., Heidt, E., & Min, K (1995). Retrospective reports of parental partner abuse: relationships to depression, trauma symptoms and self-esteem among college students. Journal of Family Violence 10, 177-202. 

1995 Stark, E. (1995). Re-Presenting Woman Battering: From Battered Woman Syndrome to Coercive Control. Albany Law Review, 58, 973-1026. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 161748. (Woman battering is typically ongoing and can “elicit hostage-like levels of fear, isolation, entrapment, and retaliatory violence.” A focus on the batterer's pattern of coercion and control, rather than violent acts or their effect on the victim, shows the systematic nature of women's oppression in a particular relationship, harms associated with domination and resistance, and restrictions on liberty which is a fundamental human right.) 

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1995 Stith, S. M. & Straus, M. A. (1995). Understanding partner violence: Prevalence, causes, consequences and solutions. Minneapolis: National Council on Family Relations. 

1995 Straus, R. B. (1995). Supervised visitation and family violence. Family Law Quarterly 29, 229-25 

1995 Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 199–214. 

1995 Thompson, R.A., & Wilcox, B.L. (1995). Child maltreatment research: Federal support and policy issues. American Psychologist 50:789–93. 

1995 Tolman, R., & Weisz, A., Coordinated Community Intervention for Domestic Violence: The Effects of Arrest and Prosecution on Recidivism of Woman Abuse Perpetrators. Bureau of Justice Assistance and Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, grant number 90-DB-CX-0017. Crime and Delinquency 41(4) : 481-495 (October 1995) NCJ 157475. (Arrest significantly deterred subsequent domestic violence incidents and did not deteriorate over the 18-month period. It was most pronounced for offenders with a previous history of police involvement for domestic violence.) 

1995 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau (1995). (3 million children were reported as alleged victims of maltreatment and referred for investigation. Of 1,675,000 investigations, 1 million children (36%) were either substantiated or indicated as victims. 52% suffered neglect, 25% suffered physical abuse and 13% suffered sexual abuse. Forty-five States reported a total of 996 child fatalities.) 

1995 van der Hart, Onno & Nijenhuis, Ellert (1995). Amnesia for Traumatic Experiences. Hypnos Vol. XXII No. 2, 73-85. 

1995 Van der Kolk, B.A., Fischer R. (1995). Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 505-536. (A study of 46 patients with PTSD showed that traumatic memories were retrieved initially as sensory and affective elements, visual, olfactory, affective, auditory, and kinesthetic. Over time, a personal narrative emerged as "explicit memory.") 

1995 Waits, K. (1995). Battered women and family lawyers: The need for an identification protocol. Albany Law Review, 58, 1027-1062. 

1995 Whitfield, Charles (1995). Memory and Abuse: Remembering and Healing the Effects of Trauma. Deerfield Beach, Florida: Health Communications, Inc. 

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1995 Williams, L. M. (1995). Recovered memories of abuse in women with documented child sexual victimization histories. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(4), 649-673. (80 out of 129 women with documented histories of child sexual abuse remembered the abuse and 1 in 10 said they had forgotten about it at some time in the past.) 

1995 Zlotnick, D. M. (1995). Empowering the battered woman: The use of criminal contempt sanctions to enforce civil protection orders. Ohio State Law Journal, 56,1153-1215. 

1995 Zuckerman, B., Augustyn, M., & Groves, B., et al. (1995). Silent victims revisited: The special case of domestic violence. Pediatrics, 96(3), 511-513. 

1996 Ackerman, M. J., & Ackerman, M. C. (1996). Child custody evaluation practices: A 1996 survey of psychologists. Family Law Quarterly, 30, 565-586. (“...Many custody evaluators consider alienation of more significance than domestic violence in making custody recommendations. A survey of 201 psychologists from 39 states who conducted custody evaluations indicated that domestic violence was not considered by most to be a major factor in making custody determinations. Conversely, three-quarters of the custody evaluators recommended denying sole or joint custody to a parent who "alienates the child from the other parent by negatively interpreting the other parent's behavior.")* 

1996 Albach, F., Moormann, P. & Bermond, B. (1996). Memory recovery of childhood sexual abuse. Dissociation, 9(4), 261-273. 

1996 Amaya-Jackson, L., & Everson, M.D. Book Reviews: Protocols for the Sex-Abuse Evaluation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35 (7), 966-967. (July 1996). 

1996 American Psychological Association. (1996). Violence and the Family: Report of the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family, Washington, DC U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 166632. (Custody and visitation disputes are more frequent with a history of domestic violence. "Studies of custody disputes indicate that fathers who battered the mother are twice as likely to seek sole physical custody of their children than are nonviolent fathers, and they are more likely to dispute custody if there are sons involved." “Although there are no data to support the phenomenon called parental alienation syndrome, in which mothers are blamed for interfering with their children’s attachment to their fathers, the term is still used by some evaluators and courts to discount children’s fears in hostile and psychologically abusive situations. Family courts often do not consider the history of violence between the parents in making custody and visitation decisions.” Child victims are vulnerable both to abuse within their families and to the failures of the child welfare systems that were designed to protect them.) 

1996 Barnsley, J., Goldsmith, P., & Taylor, G. (1996). Women and children last: Custody disputes and the family "justice" system. Vancouver, BC: Vancouver Custody & Access Support & Advocacy Association. 

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Available from: Vancouver Status of Women, #309- 877 E. Hastings St., Vancouver, BC, V6A 3Y1 ph: 604-255-6554. 

1996 Bacon, B., & Lein, L. (1996). Living with a female sexual abuse survivor: Male partners' perspectives. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 5(2), 1-16. 

1996 Bergen, R. K. (1996). Wife rape: Understanding the response of survivors and service providers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 

1996 Bibby, P. C. (1996). Organized Abuse. Brookfield, Vermont, Ashgate Publishing Co. 

1996 Binder, R.L, (1996). Niel, D.E, & Goldstone, R.L. (1996). Is adaptive coping possible for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse? Psychiatric Services, 47, 186-188. 

1996 Bonilla-Santiago, G. (1996). Latina Battered Women: Barriers to Service Delivery and Cultural Considerations. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, NCJ 163240. in Helping Battered Women: New Perspectives and Remedies 229–34 Roberts, Albert R. (Ed.) Oxford. (25 Latina women were more tolerant of wife abuse and needed more frequent abuse to be considered abusive, compared with 25 white women.) 

1996 Bottoms, B. L., Shaver, P. R., & Goodman, G. S. (1996). An analysis of ritualistic and religion-related child abuse allegations..Law and Human Behavior, 20(1), 1–34. (A random sample survey of 2,722 members of the American Psychological Association working in clinical psychology found that nearly 30% (803) had seen ritual cases. Subjects reported sexual abuse (100%), witnessing and receiving physical abuse/torture (100%), witnessing animal mutilation/killings (100%), death threats (100%), forced drug usage (97%), witnessing and forced participation in human adult and infant sacrifice (83%), forced cannibalism (81%), marriage to Satan (78%), buried alive in coffins or graves (72%), forced impregnation and sacrifice of own child (60%)). The majority of therapists (93%) believe their clients' claims. ) 

1996 Brownley, Shannon, The biology of soul murder: Fear can harm a child's brain. Is it reversible? U.S. News & World Report (November 11, 1996). (Abuse and neglect early in life can have devastating consequences, leaving children at risk for drug abuse, teen pregnancy and psychiatric problems later in life. “A single traumatic experience can alter an adult's brain: A horrifying battle, for instance, may induce the flashbacks, depression and hair-trigger response of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).") 

1996 Bruch, Carol S., & Bowermaster, Janet M. 91996). The Relocation of Children and Custodial Parents: Public Policy, Past and Present.30 FAM. L.Q. 245. 

1996 Carter, C. A., Bottoms, B. L., & Levine, M. (1996). Linguistic and socioemotional influences on the accuracy of children's reports. Law and Human Behavior, 20(3), 335-358. 

1996 Chu, J.A., Matthews, J.A., Frey, L.M., Ganzel, B. (1996).The nature of traumatic memories of childhood abuse. . Dissociation 1996; 9:2– 17. 

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1996 Crowell, N.A., & Burgess, A.W. (Eds.) Violence and the family: Report of the American Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: APA. 

1996 Dalenberg, C.D. (1996). Accuracy, timing and circumstances of disclosures in therapy of recovered and continuous memories of abuse. The Journal of Psychiatry and Law, Summer, 229-275. 

1996 de Camp, J.W. (1996). The Franklin Coverup: Child Abuse, Satanism and Murder in Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska, AWT. 

1996 De Sanctis, L. M. (1996). Bridging the gap between the rules of evidence and justice for victims of domestic violence. Yale Journal of Law & Feminism, 8, 359-407. (Batterers are often charming and manipulative. People want to believe their denials.) 

1996 Dobash, R., Dobash, R., Cavanagh, K., & Lewis, R., Reeducation Programmes for Violent Men: An Evaluation. Research Findings46 : 1-4 (October 1996). 

1996 Dutton, D.G., Starzomski, A., & Ryan, L. (1996). Antecedents of abusive personality and abusive behavior in wife assaulters. Journal of Family Violence, 11,113-132. 

1996 Ekstrand, L., Sex Offender Treatment: Research Results Inconclusive About What Works to Reduce Recidivism., Letter to Chairman of the Subcommittee on Crime, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives (June 1996). 

1996 English, K., Pullen, S., & Jones, L. (Eds.), Managing Adult Sex Offenders: A Containment Approach. Lexington, Kentucky: American Probation and Parole Association (January 1996). 

1996 Enos, P. (1996). Prosecuting battered mothers: State laws failure to protect battered women and abused children. Harvard Women’s Law Journal, 19, 229. 

1996 Fact Sheet. The Relationship Between Domestic Violence and Child Abuse. Prevent Child Abuse America 200 South Michigan Avenue, 17th Floor, Chicago, Illinois 60604-2404 Number: 20 (September 1996). (The estimated overlap between domestic violence and child physical or sexual abuse ranges from 30 to 50%.) 

1996 Feinauer, L.L., Callahan, E.H., & Hilton, H.G. (1996). Positive intimate relationships decrease depression in sexually abused women. American Journal of Family Therapy, 24,99-106. 

1996 Feinauer, L., Mitchell, J., Harper, J.M., & Dane, S. (1996). The impact of hardiness and severity of childhood sexual abuse on adult adjustment. American Journal of Family Therapy, 24, 206-214. (A study of 255 women survivors found that longer and more frequent abuse resulted in higher severity and more 

emotional trauma symptoms. Father/stepfather abuse was related to poorer adjustment, while victims with higher levels of commitment control and challenge resulted in better adjustment.) 

1996 Feinauer, L.L., & Stuart, D.A. (1996). Blame and resilience in women sexually abused as children. American Journal of Family Therapy, 24, 31-40. (Blaming self, fate or both self and fate were associated with higher levels of symptomatology, while blaming the perpetrator was associated with the lowest level of symptomatology.) 

1996 Fields, M. D. (1996). Practical ideas for judges in domestic violence cases. Judges' Journal, 32.U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (Summer 1996) NCJ 170748. (Domestic abuse victims are often subject to the same victim-blaming attitudes as rape victims.) 

1996 Field, T., Attachment and separation in young children Annual Review of Psychology. 47 (1): 541–61. (February 1996). (A model of psychological attunement is then presented and supported by several studies documenting behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses to separations from parents and peers.) 

1996 Follette, V.M., Polusny, M.M., Bechtle, A.E. & Naugle, A.E. (1996). Cumulative trauma: The impact of child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault and spouse abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 25- 35. 

1996 Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. New York: Harvard University Press. 

1996 Ganley, A., and Schechter, S. (1996). Domestic violence: A national curriculum for child protective services. San Francisco: Family Violence Prevention Fund, p. 5. 

1996 Garber, B. D. (1996). Alternatives to parental alienation: Acknowledging the broader scope of children's emotional difficulties during parental separation and divorce. New Hampshire Bar Journal, 37(1), 51–54. 

1996 Goldkamp, J. (1996). The Role of Drug and Alcohol Abuse in Domestic Violence and Its Treatment: Dade County's Domestic Violence Court Experiment. m. Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 93-IJ-CX-0028. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 163410.(A study of an integrated batterer-substance abuse treatment hybrid model showed some positive, practical results in reaching and retaining abusers in treatment with greater accountability and may have prevented reoffending among domestic violence offenders.)* 

1996 Goelman, D. M., Lehrman, F. L., & Valente, R. L. (Eds.). ((1996) . The impact of domestic violence on your legal practice: A lawyer's handbook. Washington, D.C.: ABA Commission on Domestic Violence. ("Custody litigation frequently becomes a vehicle whereby batterers attempt to extend or maintain their control and authority over the abused parents after separation.”)* 

2000 Amato, P. R. (2000). The consequences of divorce for adults and children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1269–1287. (Protective factors for children include coping skills, support and therapy. The end of a highly conflicted marriage is likely to be followed by improvements in well-being.) 

2000 Ammerman, R. T. & Hersen, M. (Eds.) (2000). Case Studies in Family Violence. (2nd edition.) New York, NY: Plenum. 

2000 Brown, T., Frederico, M., Hewitt, L.., & Sheehan, R. (2000). Revealing the existence of child abuse in the context of marital breakdown and custody and access disputes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(6), 849–859. (Severe/serious child abuse cases were a core component of the court's workload. Neither courts nor CPS proved appropriate services.)* 

2000 Busch, R. & Robertson, N. (2000). Innovative approaches to child custody and domestic violence in New Zealand - The effects of law reform on the discourses of battering. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 3(1), 269–299. (In 1995, New Zealand introduced a rebuttable presumption that a parent who had used violence against a child or against the other parent would not have custody of, or unsupervised access to the child unless the Court could be satisfied that the child would be safe during visitation arrangements.) 

2000 Bala, N., & Schuman, J. (2000). Allegations of Sexual Abuse When Parents Have Separated. Canadian Family Law Quarterly, 17, 191-241. Presented to the Family, Children and Youth Section of the Canadian Department of Justice in 2001. (Of 42,000 child abuse and neglect case, 9% [n=3780] involved separated parents. Only 1.3% of allegations made by mothers against fathers were considered intentionally false versus 21% of allegations by fathers against mothers. However, Canadian family law judgments considered 30% of child sexual and physical abuse allegations to be intentionally false, approximately 8-10 times higher than the rate of research findings.)* 

2000 Bala, A., et al., Woman Jailed for Keeping her Girls From Their Father, A Sex Offender, American Statesman (February 19, 2000). (Debra Schmidt hid her daughters from convicted sex offender Manuel Saavedra.) 

2000 Belknap, J., D. Graham, J. Hartman, V. Lippen, G. Allen, & J. Sutherland, Factors Related to Domestic Violence Court Dispositions in a Large Urban Area: The Role of Victim/Witness Reluctance and Other Variables. Executive summary for National Institute of Justice, grant number 96-WT-NX-0004. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (August 2000) NCJ 184112.

2000 Berenson, A.B., Chacko, M. R., Wiemann, C. M., Mishaw, C. O., Friedrich, W. N., & Grady, J. J., A case-control study of anatomic changes resulting from sexual abuse. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vol., 182(4), pp. 820-834 (April 2000). (192 prepubertal children with a history of sexual penetration were compared with 200 children who denied prior abuse. Vaginal discharge was observed more frequently in abused children, but there was “no difference in labial agglutination, increased vascularity, linea vestibularis, friability, a perineal depression, or a hymenal bump, tag, longitudinal intravaginal ridge, external ridge, band, or superficial notch. A hymenal transection, perforation, or deep notch was observed in 4 children, all of whom were abused. The genital examination of the abused child rarely differs from that of the nonabused child. Thus legal experts should focus on the child's history as the primary evidence of abuse.”) 

2000 Bostwick, Jeffrey, Domestic Violence Courts, Family Violence & the Courts: A Coordinated Community Response. Comments at Panel Discussion, Judicial Council of California (May 18–19, 2000). 

2000 Bremner, J. D. (2000). The Invisible Epidemic: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Memory and the Brain. 

2000 Brinig, Margaret F., & Allen, Douglas W. (2000). These Boots Are Made for Walking: Why Most Divorce Filers are Women. 2 Am. L. & Econ. Rev. 126, 129–30. (Most people assume husbands instigate divorce after the introduction of no-fault divore, but women file, despite evidence that divorce can harm children. Most say they are happier.) 

2000 Bryan, P. E. (2000). Re-asking the woman question at divorce. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 75(3), 713-763. (A discussion of lower income, stereotypes and disbelief of divorcing women.) 

2000 Cott, Nancy F. (2000). Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation.. (Marriage serves public as well as private purposes and involves a political relationship with the state as well as a legal relationship between husbands and wives). 

2000 Krause, Alanna, Crimes of Custody, KCAL Channel 9. 

2000 Daly, J., & Pelowski, S., Predictors of Dropout Among Men Who Batter: A Review of Studies With Implications for Research and Practice. Violence and Victims 15(2) 137-160 (Summer 2000) NCJ 186644. 

2000 Davis, M. K., & Gidycz, C. A. (2000). Child sexual abuse prevention programs: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 29(2), 257-265. (27 studies revealed that programs with over 4 sessions that allowed children to become physically involved produced the highest effect. Active, long-term programs may be more effective for children of all ages.) 

2000 Davis, R., Taylor, B., & Maxwell, C., Does Batterer Treatment Reduce Violence? A Randomized Experiment in Brooklyn, Final report to National Institute of Justice, grant number 94-IJ-CX-0047.

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (January 2000) NCJ 180772. (A study of 376 batterers ordered to 39 hours of batterer treatment found defendants assigned complete treatment in 26 weeks showed significantly lower recidivism at 6-month and 12-month post-sentencing than those who completed the treatment in 8 weeks. Batterer intervention has a significant effect in suppressing violent behavior while batterers are under court control, but may not produce long-term change in behavior.) 

2000 Driessen, M., Herrmann, J., Stahl, K., et al. (2000). Magnetic resonance imaging volumes of the hippocampus and the amygdala in women with borderline personality disorder and early traumatization. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 5 7, 1115-1122. (“Patients with borderline personality disorders (BPD), who often are victims of early traumatization, had nearly 16% smaller volumes of the hippocampus and 8% smaller volumes of the amygdala than the healthy controls. The volumes of the hippocampus were negatively correlated with the extent and the duration of self-reported early traumatization.”) 

2000 Dunford, F. (2000). The San Diego Navy Experiment: An Assessment of Interventions for Men Who Assault Their Wives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68(3): 468-476. 

2000 Dunford-Jackson, Billie Lee, et al. (2000). Unified Family Courts: How Will They Serve Victims of Domestic Violence? 

2000 Durrant, J.E., Trends in Youth Crime and Well-Being Since the Abolition of Corporal Punishment in Sweden. Youth Soc.31:437–55, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (June 2000) NCJ 183435. (Data on youth crime, substance abuse and suicide in Sweden from the early to mid-1970's, before the ban on corporal punishment in 1979, to the mid-1990's demonstrated a substantial improvement in youth well-being, with decreased youth crime, alcohol/drug use, rape and suicide.) 

2000 Erez, E., & King, T. (2000). Patriarchal terrorism or common couple: Attorneys' views of prosecuting and defending women batterers. International Review of Victimology, 7(1-3), 207-226. 

2000 Feder, L., & Forde, D., A Test of the Efficacy of Court-Mandated Counseling for Domestic Violence Offenders: The Broward Experiment, Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 96-WT-NX-0008. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (June 2000) NCJ 184752. (A study of 404 men convicted of misdemeanor domestic assault found no significant differences in attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors or in recidivism such as probation violations and rearrests for those in court-mandated counseling plus a year probation. Completing batterers’ program reduced the likelihood of probation violations and rearrests for both groups, but those in the assigned counseling group had an increased likelihood of violation of probation and arrests.) 

2000 Fleury, R. E., Sullivan, C. M., & Bybee, D., When ending the relationship does not end the violence: Women's experiences of violence by former partners. Violence Against Women, 6, 1363–1383, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (December 2000) NCJ 185938. (278 women were interviewed when they left a domestic violence shelter, and every 6 months for 2 years found that more than one-third of the women were assaulted during the time of the study. Several factors were related:

the batterers’ prior violence, threats, and sexual suspicion. Survivors were not in control of reassaults and will only be safe when batterers are held accountable for their behavior.) 

2000 Friesen, J. G. (2000). How to help people who dissociate. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 19 (2), 144–153. 

2000 Fritzler, R. B., & Simon, L. M. J. (2000). Creating a domestic violence court: Combat in the trenches. Court Review, 37, 28-39. 

2000 Geffner, R., Jaffe, P. G., & Sudermann, M. (Eds.) (2000). Children exposed to domestic violence: Current research, interventions, prevention & policy development. New York: Haworth Press. 

2000 Gondolf, E., 30-Month Follow-Up of Court-Referred Batterers in Four Cities. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 44(1) : 111- 128 (February 2000) NCJ 181487. 

2000 Gondolf, Edward W., Mandatory Court Review and Batterer Program Compliance. 15 J. Interpersonal Violence 437 (April 2000). 

2000 Gothard, Sol (2000). Child Sexual Abuse and the Courts, Internet course. 

2000 Grand, Sue (2000). The Reproduction of Evil: A Clinical and Cultural Perspective. The Analytical Press. 

2000 Gourley, E. V., & Stolberg, A. L. (2000). An empirical investigation of psychologists' custody evaluation procedures. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 33, 1-29. 

2000 Graham, J. R. (2000). MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press. 

2000 Graycar, R. (2000). Families, law and family law reform. Paper presented to the 10th World Congress, International Society of Family Law, Brisbane, Australia. 

2000 Gross, M., Cramer, E., Forte, J., Gordon, T., Kunkel, T., & Moriarty, L., The Impact of Sentencing Options on Recidivism Among Domestic Violence Offenders: A Case Study, American Journal of Criminal Justice 24(2):301-312 (Spring 2000) NCJ 184477. 

2000 Gurvits, T.V., Gilbertson, M.W., Lasko, N.B., Tarhan, A.S., Simeon, D., Macklin, M.L., Orr, S.P., & Pitman, R.K. (2000). Neurologic soft signs in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(2), 181-6. (Average neurologic soft sign scores of women with PTSD owing to sexual abuse in childhood and veteran men with combat-related PTSD were comparable and significantly higher than those of women sexually abused as children and combat veteran men without PTSD.)

2000 Hanson, R., & S. Wallace-Capretta (2000). A Multi-Site Study of Treatment for Abusive Men Report. Report No. 2000-05. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Department of the Solicitor General Canada. (Four treatment programs of 230 abusive men found little difference in recidivism rates across programs. The highest recidivism rate was from the weakest program implementation. Recidivists tended to have substance abuse, frequent moves, and prior convictions. High risk offenders were most likely to drop-out, and batterers who failed to complete treatment were at increased risk to recidivate.) 

2000 Hanson, R., & S. Wallace-Capretta (2000). Predicting Recidivism Among Male Batterers. Report No. 2000-06. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Department of the Solicitor General Canada. (A study of 320 male batterers found factors associated with violent recidivism were similar to those for other criminal populations (e.g., young, unstable lifestyle, substance abuse, criminal history). There was no evidence that potential offenders were deterred by expectations of negative consequences, either social (e.g., friends would disapprove) or official (e.g., arrested, lose job). The lowest recidivism rates were found for men with the greatest engagement in treatment.) 

2002 Hayler, B., & Addison-Lamb, M., A Process and Implementation Evaluation of the Specialized Domestic Violence Probation Projects in Illinois: Peoria, Sangamon and Tazewell Counties. Springfield, IL: University of Illinois at Springfield U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (October 2002) NCJ 199012. (Specially trained domestic-violence probation officers used intensive supervision and special intervention programs. The study found that training should be a supplement to basic training rather than a substitute for it.) 

2000 Heckert, D., & Gondolf, E., Assessing Assault Self-Reports by Batterer Program Participants and Their Partners. Journal of Family Violence 15(2): 181-197 (June 2000). (A study of 840 men in batterer programs, 29% of victims and 19% of batterers reported no reassault. Women underreported to preserve the relationship and men did so in outright denial and minimizing the severity of assaults.) 

2000 Heger, A., Emans, S. J., & Muram, D. (2000). Evaluation of the Sexually Abused Child : A Medical Textbook and A Photographic Atlas, Second Edition. 

2000 Helling, Julie A. (2000). Specialized Criminal Domestic Violence Courts. Battered Women’s Justice Project. 

2000 Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Heit, S., Graham, Y. P., Wilcox, M., Bonsall, R., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2000). Pituitary-Adrenal and Autonomic Responses to Stress in Women After Sexual and Physical Abuse in Childhood. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(5), 592 (August 2, 2000). (When exposed to stress, abused women with and without current major depression exhibited increased ACTH concentrations. "This is the first human study to report persistent changes in stress reactivity in adult survivors of early trauma." It is concluded that severe stress early in life is associated with persistent sensitization of the pituitary-adrenal and autonomic stress response, which, in turn, is likely related to an increased risk for adulthood development of mood and anxiety disorders.)

2000 Hernandez, A., Self-Reported Contact Sexual Offenses by Participants in the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Sex Offender Treatment Program: Implications for Internet Sex Offenders. Director of the Sex Offender Treatment Program, FCI Butner,Federal Bureau of Prisons (November 2000). (76% had contact sex offenses and, in 2000-2006, 85%). 

2000 Hirschel, J., & Dawson, D., Violence Against Women: Synthesis of Research for Law Enforcement Officials. Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 98-WTVX-K001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (December 2000) NCJ 198372. 

2000 Isaac, N., and P. Enos, Medical Records as Legal Evidence of Domestic Violence. Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 97-WT-VX-0008. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (May 2000) NCJ 184528. 

2000 Judicial Council of California, Children's Residency Five Years After Mediation. (August 2000). (A study comparing living arrangements for 1,032 children between 1991 to 1996 found that the number of children who lived with both parents declined from 25% to 17% and for children whose sole residence was with their mother declined from 59% to 53%. Children living solely with their fathers increased from 16% to 30%. 73% of children under age 3 lived solely with mothers in 1991, but in 1996, only 55% lived solely with their mothers. Children aged 8 - 9 years only lived with their mothers 44% of the time. Of children who started out living with mothers, 37% were likely to live with their fathers or with both parents. Those who started out with both parents, 68% moved to sole residence with either father or mother. Of the children who started out living with fathers, 50% changed to sole residence with mothers or both parents.Only 35% of children had one or no change in residence. Fully 65% of the children experienced two or more changes in residence and 44% had 3 or more changes. “Further investigation of the data is needed to see if children who experience numerous residential changes are harmed by this potential source of instability.”) 

2000 Judicial Council of California, Preparing Court-Based Child Custody Mediation Services for the Future. (September 2000). (The 1996 Client Baseline Study showed that family court mediation “to establish orders for child custody and visitation” grew from an estimated 49,500 in 1987 to 84,550 in 1996. In 

1996, 26% of participants were seeking a modification, the majority for physical custody, primary residence and/or legal custody. Physical custody was not at issue for 30%; primary residence was not at issue for 34%; legal custody was not at issue for 42%. Ethnic diversity mirrored that of the state. 39% had no formal education beyond high school; 23% were unemployed; 30% had incomes below the poverty line; 26% were never married to each other, and 23% of those had never lived together. 51% cited child neglect, abuse and abduction as well as parental substance abuse as issues. 55% had a current or past domestic violence restraining order. Children in nearly half the families had witnessed domestic violence and in 25%, Child Protective Services had investigated. 53% included at least one non-represented client. 20 of 26 domestic violence courts assign advocates to petitioners. The report noted the Quincy, Massachusetts process restraining orders, in which victims meet with a domestic violence clerk who provides moral support and accompanies them to an expedited hearing after a briefing by the District

Attorney’s Office where a victim/witness advocate provides information on the court process, civil/criminal legal remedies and resources.) 

2000 Keating, G., Disputed Theory Used in Custody Cases: Children Often Victims in Parental Alienation Syndrome Strategy, Pasadena Star-News (April 23, 2000). 

2000 Kelly, J. B. (2000). Children's adjustment in conflicted marriage and divorce: A decade review of research. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 39(8): 963-73. (Studies from 1990 to 1999 were surveyed regarding the impact of marital conflict, violence and divorce on the adjustment of their children. Children of divorced parents have more adjustment problems, but newer research on the negative effects of troubled marriages on children shows divorce may not be the major cause of the symptoms.) 

2000 Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2000). Physiological correlates of childhood abuse: Chronic hyperarousal in PTSD, depression and irritable bowel syndrome. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 799-810. (Research shows trauma can alter brain functioning, and even create a state of chronic hyperarousal, making them more 

vulnerable to an over-reaction to subsequent stressors. Chronic hyperarousal underlies three common and often co-occurring sequelae of childhood abuse: post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and irritable bowel syndrome.) 

2000 Kowtna, Paul, People v Fortin. (March 14, 2000). (The defendant has not established general acceptance of Parental Alienation Syndrome within the professional community.”) 

2000 Krause, Alanna, Letting children speak for themselves. San Francisco Daily Journal (July 17, 2000). 

2000 Ladd, C.O., et al. (2000). Long-term behavioural and neuroendocrine adaptations to adverse early experience. In Mayer, E.A. & Saper, C.B. (Eds.) The Biological Basis for Mind Body Interactions, Progress in Brain Research (Vol.122) Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

2000 LaViolette, Alyce, Batterers' Treatment: Observations From the Trenches. 1 Center for Families, Children and the Courts, Update 13 (July 2000). (In the 1970s, batterer treatment groups were considered a crucial component to reduce violence, and became a mandatory consequence of criminal prosecution. In the 1990s, the value, form, and success rates of these groups came under scrutiny.) 

2000 Leavitt, F., & Labott, S. M. (2000). The role of media and hospital exposure on Rorschach response patterns by patients reporting satanic ritual abuse. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 18 (2), 35–55. (A study found that Rorschach content by patients reporting satanic ritual abuse differed from other psychiatric patients, and that. that hgh exposure to media or hospital patients did not increase satanic response. Paradoxically, less media exposure was associated with significantly higher numbers of satanic responses. The best predictor of satanic content on the Rorschach was low media exposure and a patient report of satanic experience.) 

2000 Lehmann, C. , Controversial Syndrome Arises in Child Custody Battles, Psychiatric News, (September 1, 2000).

2000 Lemon, N. K. D. (2000). Custody and Visitation Trends in the United States in Domestic Violence Cases. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 3(1), 329-343. 

2000 Lentsch, K. A. & Johnson, D., Do Physicians Have Adequate Knowledge of Child Sexual Abuse? The Results of Two Surveys of Practicing Physicians, 1986 and 1996. Child Maltreatment, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp 72-78, Sage Publications (February 2000). (A survey of 370 physicians found that in 1996, more correctly denied an association between sociologic factors and the likelihood of child sexual abuse than in 1986. 72% indicated they check the genitalia of prepubescent females more than 50% of the time, versus 77% in 1986. Physicians who saw more than 25 pediatric patients per week were significantly more likely to check the genitalia, whereas those with more than 10 years experience were less likely to do so. They continued to be deficient in identifying prepubescent female genital anatomy and in reporting abuse.) 

2000 Levey, Lynn S., Steketee, Martha Wade & Keilitz, Susan L. (2000). Lessons Learned in Implementing an Integrated Domestic Violence Court: The District of Columbia Experience, 14 (A literature review found that 45% to 70% of children exposed to domestic violence are also victims of abuse. 40% of child victims of abuse are also exposed to domestic violence. The DC domestic violence court co-located a centralized intake unit, a specialized clerk’s office unit, dedicated domestic violence courtrooms and judicial assignments using trained judges. Most petitioners were unrepresented. They had endured multiple violent events. 80% requested a temporary protective order. The process was streamlined and 94% were granted. Victim advocates referred victims to other services. 89% of petitioners said the court really listened and 79% would contact police again. 45% of respondents had a criminal history and 22% criminal charges were filed. There was a high recidivism rate and offenders were cited for contempt if they disobeyed the court order.) 

2000 Lloyd, S., & Emery, B. (2000). The Dark Side of Courtship: Physical and Sexual Aggression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 

2000 Mayer, E.A. & Saper, C.B. (Eds.) The Biological Basis for Mind Body Interactions, Progress in Brain Research (Vol.122) Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

2000 McConnell, J. & Sikora, K.F. (2000). Gender bias and the institutionalization of change: Lessons from the California experience. The Judge’s Journal (Summer 2000). 

2000 McMahon, P. M. (2000). The public health approach to the prevention of sexual violence. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12(1), 27-36. (Primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention are described, along withshifting the focus to potential perpetrators and how the CDC is applying this model to sexual violence prevention.) 

2000 Miller, N., Queens County, New York, Arrest Policies Project: A Process Evaluation, Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 98-WE-VX-0012. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (February 8, 2000) NCJ 201886.

2000 Noblitt, J.R. & Perskin, P. (2000). Cult and Ritual Abuse: Its History, Anthropology and Recent Discovery in Contemporary America, Revised Edition, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. 

2000 Oates, R. K., Jones, D. P. H., Denson, D., Sirotnak, A., Gary, N. & Krugman, R. D. (2000). Erroneous Concerns About Child Sexual Abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(1), pp. 149-157. (Out of 551 cases of possible child sexual abuse, Denver Department of Social Services determined that only 1.5% [n=8] of allegations of child sexual abuse brought by children were fabricated.) 

2000 O’Sullivan, C. S., Estimating the Population at Risk for Violence During Child Visitation, Domestic Violence Report, 5(5), 65, and U. S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, (June 2000) NCJ 186261. (“Lawyers representing victims in [New York] family court reported ‘constant’ abuse in the context of visitation. Domestic violence did not seem to affect the court’s response to visitation petitions, however. The courts rarely exercised the option of denying visitation when there was a risk of violence.”)* 

2000 Paisner, Susan R., If It’s Friday, It Must Be Domestic Violence Court, 6 Domestic Violence Prevention 3 (June 2000) (“[t]he Legislature finds and declares that domestic violence courts have been proven to benefit victims of domestic violence and to provide for the efficient handling of domestic violence cases.”) 

2000 Pennel, S., Burke, C., & Mulmat, D., Violence Against Women in San Diego. Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 97-IJ-CX-0007. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (March 2000) NCJ 191838. (A study of 599 domestic violence shelter clients found that 33% were Caucasian; about 25% were Hispanic; and 19% were African American. About three-quarters came with their children and nearly 1 in 4 had been to a shelter before. 79% reported that some type of weapon, body part, or object was used against them in the most recent incident and 66% sustained injury. Abusers were often abused in childhood.) 

2000 Perry, B. D. (2000). Traumatized children: How childhood trauma influences brain development. The Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally Ill 11(1), 48-51. (Persistent threats create alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Chronic activation may "wear out" parts of the body including the hippocampus, involved in memory, cognition and arousal. Key neurochemical systems become altered following traumatic stress, resulting in a cascade of changes in attention, impulse control, sleep, fine motor control and leading to motor hyperactivity, anxiety, impulsivity, sleep problems, tachycardia, hypertension, increased heart rate.) 

2000 Perry, B. D. (2000). Trauma and Terror in Childhood: The Neuropsychiatric Impact of Childhood Trauma. 

2000 Peterson, W. and S. Thunberg, Domestic Violence Court: Evaluation Report for the San Diego County Domestic Violence Courts, Report submitted by San Diego Superior Court to State Justice

Institute, grant number SJI-98-N-271. San Diego, CA: San Diego Superior Court (September 2000) NCJ 187846. 

2000 Pope, K. S., Butcher, J. N. & Seelen, J. (2000). The MMPI, MMPI-2 and MMPI-A in court: A practical guide for expert witnesses and attorneys, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 

2000 Pratto, F., Liu, J. H., Levin, S., Sidanius, J., Shih, M., Bachrach, H. & Hegarty, P. (2000). Social dominance orientation and the legitimization of inequality across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(3), 369–409. 

2000 Rennison, C., & Welchans, S., Intimate Partner Violence. Special Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (May 2000) NCJ 178247. 

2000 Russell, Chuck director (2000). Bless the Child. (A movie about a woman who discovers her niece whom she raised is being sought by a Satanic cult.) 

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2000 Shonkoff, J.P., & Phillips, D.A. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. (“Early environments matter and nurturing relationships are essential. Children grow and thrive in the context of close and dependable relationships that provide love and nurturance, security, responsive interaction, and encouragement for exploration. Without at least one such relationship, development is disrupted, and the consequences can be severe and long-lasting.”) 

2000 Raphael, J. (2000). Saving Bernice: Battered women, welfare and poverty. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press. 

2000 Riger, S., Ahrens, C. & Blickenstaff, A. (2000). Measuring interference with employment and education reported by women with abusive partners: Preliminary data. Violence and Victims, 15(2), 161-172. (A study of 35 domestic violence victims in shelters found the Work/School Abuse Scale W/SAS demonstrated good reliability/validity to identify the scope/frequency of violence.) 

2000 Roberts, J.V. (2000). Changing Public Attitudes Toward Corporal Punishment: The Effects of Statutory Reforms in Sweden, Child Abuse Negl.,24:1027–35. (“Support for physical punishment began declining years before the reform was passed ...”) 

2000 Roehl, J. and Guertin. K. (2000). Intimate Partner Violence: The Current Use of Risk Assessments in Sentencing Offenders, Justice System Journal 21(2) : 171-198, NCJ 183443. (48 officials in 18 States and 33 court systems reported that several risk assessment instruments were used in court decisions about 

charging, pretrial release, probation, treatment, incarceration and sentencing of intimate partner offenders; however, the reliability, validity, and predictive accuracy of risk assessments were questioned.)

2000 Roesler, T..A., Sexual Abuse, Adult’s reaction to child’s disclosure of abuse will influence degree of permanent damage, Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Newsletter, Vol. 16, No. 8 (August 2000). 

2000 Ross, Colin (2000). Bluebird: Deliberate Creation of Multiple Personality by Psychiatrists. Manitou Communications, Republished in 2006. (15,000 pages of CIA documents show 65 years of pervasive, systematic human rights violations by American psychiatrists, including experiments to create amnesia, identities, and hypnotic access codes.) 

2000 Rossman, R., Hughes, H. & Rosenberg, M. (2000). Children and Interparental Violence: The Impact of Exposure. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 180645. (Progress has occurred in understanding relevant theories and models, understanding the important role of diversity in contributing to individual differences in impact, identifying appropriate treatments such as psychoeducational groups, and improving interagency collaboration. Needs still exist in the areas of research, intervention, prevention, funding, and policy.) 

2000 Sachs, Nannette, Is There A Tilt Toward Abusers in Child Custody Decisions? The Journal of Psychohistory. 

2000 Saunders, D. G. & Anderson, D. (2000). Evaluation of domestic violence training for child protection workers and supervisors: Initial results. Children and Youth Services Review, 22(5), 373–395. 

2000 Schecter, S. and Edelson, J.L. (2000). Domestic violence and children: Creating a public response. Center on Crime, Communities and Culture for the Open Society Institute, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs NCJ 182264. (Witnessing and experiencing violence harms children and adults. Children exposed to family violence will usually be restored to well-being if their parents can be helped to create safety and stability. Citizens and agencies must work together to meet and coordinate the safety, health, mental health, education, housing and income needs of families affected by violence.) 

2000 Schreiber, N. (2000). Interviewing techniques in sexual abuse cases - A comparison of a day-care abuse case with normal abuse cases. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 59 (3), 196–206. doi: 10.1024//1421–0185.59.3.196. 

2000 Sengupta, Somini, Tough Justice: Taking a Child When One Parent is Battered. N.Y. Times (July 8, 2000). (Discusses the Bronx Family Court’s approach in cases in which one parent has been a victim of domestic violence and children have been removed from parental care. An “integrated court system” can lead to more victims being charged with child abuse or “failure to protect.”) 

2000 Smith, D. W., Letourneau, E. J., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., & Best, C. L. (2000). Delay in disclosure of childhood rape: Results from a national survey. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 273 – 287. (A study of 288 childhood rape victims found delayed disclosure was very common, and long delays

were typical. 28% of victims never told anyone and 47% did not disclose for over 5 years. Younger age at the time of rape, family relationship with the perpetrator, and a series of rapes were associated with delayed disclosures; older age and rape by a stranger were associated with more rapid disclosure. Close friends were the most common confidants.) 

2000 Snyder, H.N. (2000). Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident and offender characteristics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. (Less than one third of rapes and sexual assaults of victims 12 or over were reported to law enforcement in 1996. Over a third of all sexual assaults involve victims under age 12, which implies that by design the National Crime Victimization Survey is missing over a third of all sexual assaults that occur each year. Sex crimes against juveniles are the large majority (67%) of sexual assaults handled by law enforcement. 27% of victims under 12 were male. Juveniles were victims of forcible fondling (84%), forcible sodomy (79%), sexual assault with an object (75%), forcible rape (46%). 14% of victims were under 6. For victims under age 12, 4-year-olds were at greatest risk sexual assault and the risk of forcible sodomy peaked at age 4. Forcible rape increased dramatically from ages 10 to 14, where it peaked. 25% of victims under 12 were victimized with others, compared to 13% of older juvenile victims. Adults were the offenders in 60% of the sexual assaults of youth under age 12. Strangers were the offenders in just 3% of sexual assaults against victims under age 6, and 5% of youth ages 6- 11.) 

2000 Smithey, M., Green, S., & Giacomazzi, A. Collaborative Effort and the Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Training Toward Resolving Domestic Violence, Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 97-WE-VX-0131. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice (November 2000) NCJ 191840. (Domestic violence training did not change police officers’ attitudes toward traditional gender roles or mandatory arrest. Officers agreed that family violence was not a personal/private matter and that they should spend time on the scene managing the dispute.) 

2000 Steketee, M., Levey, L. and Keilitz, S., Implementing an Integrated Domestic Violence Court: Systemic Change in the District of Columbia. Final report for State Justice Institute, grant number SJI-98-N-016. Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts, and Alexandria, VA: State Justice Institute (June 30, 2000) NCJ 198516. 

2000 Stith, S. M., Rosen, K. H., Middleton, K. A., Busch, A. L.,, Lundeberg, K., & Carlton, R. P. (2000).The Intergenerational Transmission of Spouse Abuse: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(3), 640-654. 

2000 Stone, A. A., Turkkan, J. S., Bachrach, C. A., Jobe, J. B., Kurtzman, H. S., & Cain, V. S. (Eds.) (2000). The Science of Self-Report: Implications for Research and Practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. 

2000 Teicher, M.D. (2000). Wounds that time won't heal: The neurobiology of child abuse. Cerebrum: The Dana Forum on brain science, 2(4), 50-67. (Early maltreatment, even psychological abuse, has enduring negative effects on brain development including brain abnormalities in psychiatric patients

abused as children. Physical abuse of children by parents remained hidden until 1962 and by the 1980s, studies found 19 to 45% of females were subjected to child sex abuse. The “anger, shame, and despair can be directed inward to spawn symptoms such as depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and post-traumatic stress, or directed outward as aggression, impulsiveness, delinquency, hyperactivity, and substance abuse.”) 

2000 Thoennes, N. & Tjaden, P., Full report of the prevalence, incidence and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey, Research Report (November 2000) NCJ 183781. (51.9% of women and 66.4% of men said they were physically assaulted as a child by an adult caretaker and/or as an adult by any type of attacker. Those women assaulted in childhood were twice as likely to be also assaulted in adulthood. 22.1% of women and 7.4 percent of men were assaulted by an intimate partner. 17.6% of women were raped, half of whom were under 18. Those raped as children were twice as likely to be raped as adults.) 

2000 Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N., Extent, Nature and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence: Finding from the National Violence Against Women Survey. Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 93-IJ-CX-0012. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (July 2000) NCJ 181867.(A study of 8,000 women and 8,000 men found approximately 1.5 million women and 834,732 men are raped/physically assaulted by an intimate partner annually, a serious criminal justice and public health concern. Nearly 25% of women and 7.6% of men reported they were raped/physically assaulted by a partner in their lifetime; 1.5% of women and 0.9% of men in the previous year. Women averaged 6.9 physical assaults by the same partner, and 41.5% were injured in the recent assault. Men averaged 4.4 assaults and 19.9% were injured. 30.4% of women with a male intimate partner reported being raped/physically assaulted/stalked versus slightly more than 11% of women by a female intimate partner. Lesbian couples seem to experience less violence than heterosexual couples. On the other hand, 15% of men reported being raped/physically assaulted/stalked by a male intimate partner versus 7.7% of men with a female intimate partner. Intimate partner violence appears to be perpetrated primarily by men. Approximately one fifth of rapes, one-quarter of physical assaults, and one-half of stalkings against females by intimates were reported to the police, and fewer against men, as victims thought police would or could not do anything.) 

2000 Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000b). Prevalence and consequences of male-to-female and female-to-male intimate partner violence as measured by the National Violence Against Women Survey. Pre Violence Against Women 6: 142–161 (February 2000). (Married/cohabiting women reported significantly more intimate perpetrated rape, physical assault and stalking than did married/cohabiting men, along with more frequent and longer lasting victimization, fear of bodily injury, time lost from work, injuries, and use of medical, mental health, and justice system services.) 

2000 Torres, S., & Han, H.,Psychological Distress in Non-Hispanic White and Hispanic Abused Women. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 14(1) : 19-29 (February 2000). (A study of 62 White and 62 Hispanic abused women found that White women experienced a higher prevalence of psychological distress,

including PTSD, depression and anxiety, than Hispanic women. Life changes significantly related to the severity of psychological distress, whereas exposure to abuse was not consistently associated with it.) 

2000 Tsai, Betsy (2000). The Trend Toward Specialized Domestic Violence Courts: Improvements on an Effective Innovation. 68 FORDHAM L. REV. 1287. (“Victims of domestic violence may not initially reveal experiences of abuse out of fear, concern for their safety and that of their children and other family members, concern that they will not be believed, or lack of understanding of what information the court will find most relevant. 73% of women and 86% of men did not report the assault to the police. ”) 

2000 Turner, M., Know the legal system, speaker advises parents. Davis Enterprise (April 9, 2000). 

2000 U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Drug Courts Program Office. “Drug courts leverage the coercive power of the criminal justice system to achieve abstinence and alter criminal behavior through the combination of judicial supervision, treatment, drug testing, incentives, sanctions, and case management.) 

2000 Wallerstein, Judith S., Lewis, Julia M. and Blakeslee, Sandra (2000). The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: The 25 Year Landmark Study., (Well over half of the children had witnessed physical violence between their parents, and for one-quarter, it was an ongoing part of their lives. “Many judges who deal with such families do not understand that merely witnessing violence is harmful to children, the images are forever etched into their brains. Even a single episode of violence is long remembered in detail. In fact there is accumulating scientific evidence that witnessing violence or being abused physically or verbally literally alters brain development resulting in a hyperactive emotional system. All our evidence shows that children turn out less well-adjusted when exposed to open conflict, where parents terrorize or strike one another, than do children from divorced families.” 60% of the children from the divorced group and 80% of the comparison group married; 40% of the children from the divorced group and only 9% of the comparison group divorced.) 

2000 Weber, Julia (2000). Domestic Violence Courts: Components and Considerations, 2 Journal of the Center for Families, Children & The Courts 23, 29 (The movement to end domestic violence has consistently advocated adherence to two central principles of intervention: (1) enhance victim safety and (2) ensure batterer accountability.) 

2000 Weitzman, S. (2000). "Not to people like us": Hidden abuse in upscale marriages. New York, NY: Basic Books. (“How is it possible for a highly educated woman with a career and resources of her own to stay in a marriage with an abusive husband? How can a man be considered a pillar of his community, run a successful business and regularly give his wife a black eye?”) 

2000 Whiteside, Mary F. & Becker, Betsy Jane (2000). Parental Factors and the Young Child's Postdivorce Adjustment: A Meta-Analysis with Implications for Parenting Arrangements. 14 J. Fam. Psych. 5, 16. 

2000 Williams, L. M., Siegel, J. A. & Pomeroy, J. J. (2000). Validity of women's self- reports of documented child sexual abuse. In Stone, A. A., Turkkan, J. S., Bachrach, C. A., Jobe, J. B., Kurtzman, H. S., & Cain, V. S.

(Eds.). (2000). The Science of Self-Report: Implications for Research and Practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. (pp 211- 226). 

2000 Winner, Karen (2000). Findings on Judge Michael Dufficy, Commissioner Sylvia Shapiro, and Court-Appointees in Marin County’s Superior Court in California. (investigative report.) 

2000 Winner, Karen (2000). Placing Children At Risk: Questionable Psychologists and Therapists in Sacramento Family Court and Surrounding Counties. (investigative report.) 

2000 Worden, P. A., The changing boundaries of the criminal justice system: Redefining the problem and the response in domestic violence. In C. M. Friel, Criminal Justice 2000 (Vol. 2) Boundary Changes in Criminal Justice Organizations (pp. 215-266). Washington D.C.: National Institute of Justice, U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (January 2000) NCJ 185525. 

2000 Wordes, M., Creating a Structured Decision-Making Model for Police Intervention in Intimate Partner Violence. Final report for National Institute of Justice, grant number 96- IJ-CX-0098. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (February 2000) NCJ 182781. (A study of 138 police reports found that the project succeeded in creating 1. a useful Domestic Violence Safety Assessment/Supplemental Report for patrol officers to complete for protocol and data collection by the Domestic Violence Prevention Unit (DVPU) and District Attorney; and 2. a preliminary risk assessment for the DVPU to develop appropriate interventions based on risk of recidivism.) 

2000 Zorza, J. (2000). The UCCJEA: What is it and how does it affect battered women in child-custody disputes. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 35, 909- 935.